Question 1

Women are more likely to be victims of murder than men in the United States.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 2

Rather than attempting to explain deviance,control theory attempts to explain conformity.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 3

According to Daniel Patrick Moynihan,an example of "defining deviance down" would be:

Accepted Answer

A)   becoming alarmed at the rise in gang violence
B)   being concerned about the number of people in prison
C)   broadening the definition of rape
D)   considering deviance as a necessary part of a functioning society
E)   releasing people from psychiatric institutions and requiring them to try to live independently E

Question 4

Select a crime that has received a lot of publicity in recent years.Contextualize this crime using a sociological theory.Conclude your answer by illustrating the range of crimes that your selected theory can explain in a given social context.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Select a crime that has received a...

Question 5

Any reaction from others to the behavior of an individual meant to ensure that the individual complies with a given norm is called a:

Accepted Answer

A)   law
B)   punishment
C)   reward
D)   sanction
E)   slap on the wrist

Question 6

Which theory explains why focusing on minor crimes like traffic violations and drinking or using illegal drugs in public underpinned proactive policing in the late 1980s and early 1990s?

Accepted Answer

A)   broken windows theory
B)   conflict theory
C)   control theory
D)   differential association theory
E)   labeling theory

Question 7

Since the early 1990s,what has been the trend in crime rate in the United States?

Accepted Answer

A)   Both violent and property crime rates have decreased.
B)   Both violent and property crime has decreased until the 2007 recession; both have increased since then.
C)   Property crime has increased, but violent crime has decreased.
D)   Rates have remained stable.
E)   Violent crime has increased, but property crime has decreased.

Question 8

Who used the concept of "delinquent subculture" to refer to groups such as gangs who reject middle-class norms and celebrate defiance?

Accepted Answer

A)   Merton
B)   Lemert
C)   Hirschi
D)   Cohen
E)   Brando

Question 9

Émile Durkheim's concept of _______________ describes a condition in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)   anomie
B)   differential association
C)   labeling
D)   mechanical solidarity
E)   structural strain

Question 10

With which of the following statements might a conflict theorist most closely agree?

Accepted Answer

A)   The best method for understanding deviant behavior is to understand the conflict between the individual's ego, superego, and id.
B)   Deviant behavior could be a response to inequalities in capitalist society.
C)   Deviant behavior results from deviants associating with other deviants.
D)   Deviant behavior can arise from various types of negative relationships that individuals have.
E)   Deviants are born into a culture that rewards criminal behavior.

Question 11

The authors claim all the following are true about people's adherence to norms EXCEPT that:

Accepted Answer

A)   no one breaks all the rules
B)   some people conform to all the rules
C)   we are all conformist
D)   we are all deviants
E)   we create the rules

Question 12

All of the following factors likely contributed to the change in American crime rates in the 1990s EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)   the aggressive efforts by police to reduce gun crime
B)   a booming economy and the job growth of the 1990s
C)   a decline in the market for crack cocaine
D)   an increased stigmatization of crack among young urban residents
E)   a reduction in the number of police officers

Question 13

Cybercrime is easier to detect and prosecute than traditional street crime.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

According to differential association theory,a person who is more likely to be a delinquent is a:

Accepted Answer

A)   poor person whose friends do not commit crime
B)   middle-class person whose friends frequently commit crime
C)   person with high aspirations but few opportunities
D)   person with low aspirations but many opportunities
E)   person who doesn't know how to commit crime

Question 15

If you live in a high-crime area,many of the people you will befriend will be involved in criminal activities,thus increasing your opportunity to learn criminal behavior.The conceptual context for this phenomenon is known as:

Accepted Answer

A)   social deviance
B)   nonconformity
C)   labeling
D)   environmental deviance
E)   differential association

Question 16

In his study of a criminal gang in inner-city Chicago,Sudhir Venkatesh found that:

Accepted Answer

A)   even the lowest-level drug dealer made lots of money
B)   gang members had low aspirations
C)   gang members were unintelligent
D)   the gang ran its operations much like legitimate businesses
E)   the gang was highly unorganized and chaotic in its operations

Question 17

Which of the following statements best illustrates Howard S.Becker's labeling theory of deviance?

Accepted Answer

A)   Adolescents in romantic relationships are less likely to commit crime than other adolescents, "perhaps because romantic love discourages offending by strengthening the social bond." (Source: McCarthy and Casey. 2008. "Love, Sex, and Crime: Adolescent Romantic Relationships and Offending." American Sociological Review 73: 944-969) .
B)   The definition of crime is class biased; for example, the crimes listed in the Uniform Crime Reports are disproportionately committed by members of the lower class in the United States.
C)   Deviant behavior can arise from various types of negative personal relationships that individuals have.
D)   frustration arising from lack of access to legitimate means to success in achieving culturally prescribed goals lies at the root of crime and deviance.
E)   Ex-offenders are much less likely to be called back by employers than men with similar resumes but no criminal record.

Question 18

What do sociologists call a group such as a drug-dealing gang that follows some social norms but many of its own were considered strange by most people?

Accepted Answer

A)   aggregate
B)   deviant subculture
C)   normative group
D)   sanction
E)   social control

Question 19

A common criticism of the functionalist theories of crime and deviance is that:

Accepted Answer

A)   there is little to be gained in connecting the macrosociological to the microsociological
B)   they are outdated because their premises no longer apply in the information age
C)   functionalists tend to presume that everyone has middle-class values
D)   the aspirations held by groups in society do not coincide with available rewards
E)   American society no longer experiences internal contradictions

Question 20

By definition,rape is a crime that can be committed only by men.

Accepted Answer