Question 1

Many legal commentators suggest that one way to reform identification procedures would be to:

Accepted Answer

A)  loosen the standards for admitting expert testimony on human perception and memory and the problems related to eyewitness identification. 
B)  require all eyewitnesses to undergo psychological testing concerning their recall and retention abilities 
C)  require police to corroborate all eyewitness identifications for all types of cases 
D)  totally ban the use of photo identification procedures

Question 2

Over time:

Accepted Answer

A)  memory fades and witnesses recognize this problem. 
B)  memory fades, but witnesses develop greater confidence about their recall ability. 
C)  memory improves, but witnesses do not have confidence in this fact. 
D)  memory improves and witnesses recognize this fact.

Question 3

The alleged suggestiveness and unreliability of a show-up is evaluated by a different test than the one for the suggestiveness and unreliability of a lineup.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

In Manson v. Braithwaite (1977), involving identifying a man whom the identifier had seen only once in poor light for several minutes from a single photograph, Justice Marshall in dissent criticized the police procedure because:
I. a lineup could have been arranged.
II. a photo array, rather than one photograph could have been used.
III. the fact that the photograph was given to the identifier by a fellow police officer increased the suggestiveness.
IV. the photograph selected was not a good depiction of the description given to the
Officer who selected it.

Accepted Answer

A)  I, II, III, IV 
B)  I, II 
C)  I, II, III 
D)  III, IV

Question 5

Researchers recommend that officials:

Accepted Answer

A)  present members in a lineup to the witness at the same time, standing together. 
B)  have the officer who arrested the suspect conduct the lineup. 
C)  present members of the lineup to the witness one at a time. 
D)  inform the witness that the suspect is one of the individuals they will be asked to identify in the lineup.

Question 6

Show-ups are less reliable than lineups.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

The identification procedure where a witness is shown multiple photographs is
called a _____________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The identification procedure where a witness is...

Question 8

In experimental research to study eyewitness identification, researchers stage crimes and question the unsuspecting witnesses about what they saw.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

______________ is when the brain stores information between the time of the crime and the lineup, show-up, or photo identification.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ______________ is when the brain stores information...

Question 10

__________ research about eyewitness identifications involves analyzing previously used identification procedures in actual criminal cases.

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________ research about eyewitness identifications involves analyzing...

Question 11

Experts theorize that the greatest threat to an innocent person being convicted is:

Accepted Answer

A)  prosecutorial misconduct. 
B)  police misconduct. 
C)  mistaken identification of strangers. 
D)  judicial misconduct.

Question 12

Examine the reforms that legal experts suggest courts can implement to improve eyewitness identification reliability.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Examine the reforms that legal experts suggest...

Question 13

Research shows that jurors:

Accepted Answer

A)  tend to overestimate the accuracy of a witness's lineup identification. 
B)  tend to question the accuracy of eye witness identification. 
C)  understand the problems involved in administering identification procedures. 
D)  are aware of the research about eyewitness identification.

Question 14

With the totality of circumstances approach, under certain circumstances, a court can
admit identification evidence even if the identification procedure was suggestive.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Discuss the importance of pre-lineup instructions in identification procedures for lineups.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the importance of pre-lineup instructions in...

Question 16

According to the Supreme Court in District Attorney's Office for the Third Judicial District v. Osborne (2009) involving prisoner Osborne's post-conviction request to compel officials to release biological evidence so it could be submitted to DNA testing:

Accepted Answer

A)  Osborne has a right under the U.S. Constitution of access to forensic evidence 
B)  Osborne's rights under Alaska law were violated 
C)  there is no right under the U.S. Constitution of access to forensic evidence 
D)  DNA testing is too expensive to make it a constitutional right

Question 17

It is agreed among scientists that DNA technology can:

Accepted Answer

A)  distinguish between any two individuals, other than identical twins 
B)  distinguish between general types of individuals. 
C)  distinguish within 35-40% accuracy between two individuals. 
D)  accurately identify the blood types of individuals.

Question 18

Identifying perpetrators is easier than proving that a crime was committed.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

If the person a witness is attempting to identify is of another race, the chances of misidentification are increased.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Suggestive lineups:

Accepted Answer

A)  lead to automatic exclusion of the identification made at them. 
B)  are always questioned by the trial judge. 
C)  always give rise to a substantial likelihood of misidentification. 
D)  do not lead to automatic exclusion of the identification made at them.

Exam 9: Plain View, Open Fields, Abandonment, and Border Searches

Many legal commentators suggest that one way to reform identification procedures would be to:

Over time:

The alleged suggestiveness and unreliability of a show-up is evaluated by a different test than the one for the suggestiveness and unreliability of a lineup.

Researchers recommend that officials:

Show-ups are less reliable than lineups.

The identification procedure where a witness is shown multiple photographs is called a _____________.

In experimental research to study eyewitness identification, researchers stage crimes and question the unsuspecting witnesses about what they saw.

______________ is when the brain stores information between the time of the crime and the lineup, show-up, or photo identification.

__________ research about eyewitness identifications involves analyzing previously used identification procedures in actual criminal cases.

Experts theorize that the greatest threat to an innocent person being convicted is:

Examine the reforms that legal experts suggest courts can implement to improve eyewitness identification reliability.

Research shows that jurors:

With the totality of circumstances approach, under certain circumstances, a court can admit identification evidence even if the identification procedure was suggestive.

Discuss the importance of pre-lineup instructions in identification procedures for lineups.

According to the Supreme Court in District Attorney's Office for the Third Judicial District v. Osborne (2009) involving prisoner Osborne's post-conviction request to compel officials to release biological evidence so it could be submitted to DNA testing:

It is agreed among scientists that DNA technology can:

Identifying perpetrators is easier than proving that a crime was committed.

If the person a witness is attempting to identify is of another race, the chances of misidentification are increased.

Suggestive lineups: