Question 1

You have just witnessed a car accident and the police officer asks you how fast the cars were going when they smashed into each other. This question may bias your answer due to the

Accepted Answer

A)  misinformation effect. 
B)  possibility of flashbulb memory. 
C)  leading question effect. 
D)  repression of information effect. 
E)  ear witness effect.

Question 2

The cognitive revolution and the invention of computers both contributed to the metaphor of human memory as a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)  library system. 
B)  information-processing system. 
C)  audio tape recorder. 
D)  filing cabinet.

Question 3

If you are told to remember a list of items or concepts by forming an image and linking each word to a different room in your house, you would be using

Accepted Answer

A)  automatic processing. 
B)  mnemonic techniques. 
C)  referential connections. 
D)  context dependent memory. 
E)  the method of loci.

Question 4

A study conducted by Chase and Simon demonstrated that experts had superior recall than novices for the placement of chess pieces when the pieces were placed meaningfully on the board. However, this difference disappeared when the pieces were placed
Randomly. The researchers used the concepts of to explain these results.

Accepted Answer

A)  visual-spatial and auditory working memory 
B)  maintenance and elaborative rehearsal 
C)  schemas and chunking 
D)  proactive and retroactive interference

Question 5

Interference and amnesia both involve forgetting information. The difference is that

Accepted Answer

A)  in amnesia the memory is repressed but in interference it is not 
B)  amnesia is due to dementia while interference is not 
C)  interference is always proactive while amnesia is retroactive 
D)  interference is due to retrieval failure and amnesia is typically due to trauma 
E)  interference involves decay while amnesia does not

Question 6

According to the three-stage model of memory, we remember the words presented at the beginning of a list better because:

Accepted Answer

A)  we use procedural memory to encode them instead of elaborative rehearsal. 
B)  these words tend to be visually encoded instead of phonetically encoded. 
C)  these words are not "bumped out" of short-term memory by new information. 
D)  we can quickly rehearse them and transfer them to long-term memory.

Question 7

A person who has received damage to his amygdala will most likely:

Accepted Answer

A)  be unable to encode emotionally disturbing memories or fear responses. 
B)  have difficulty creating and storing new procedural memories. 
C)  have difficulty creating and storing new long-term declarative memories. 
D)  show difficulty processing information from the sensory registers.

Question 8

Try as she might, Zoey cannot remember anything from the first three years of her childhood. Which of the following is NOT considered a possible explanation for infantile amnesia?

Accepted Answer

A)  The creation of new memories interferes with the retrieval of early childhood memories 
B)  Brain structures are not developed sufficiently to form these long lasting memories 
C)  To form memories, the concept of self is needed, and this sets in approximately at age two 
D)  Failure to encode the experiences deeply, results in a lack of retrieval cues

Question 9

The memory process in which information is retained over time is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A)  Storage 
B)  Priming 
C)  Encoding 
D)  Retrieval

Question 10

John is feeling very happy and content today and has noticed that he seems to have a better memory for several positive events from his past. This example of improved recall best demonstrates the phenomenon of:

Accepted Answer

A)  context-dependent recall. 
B)  state-dependent recall. 
C)  mood-congruent recall. 
D)  mood-dependent recall.

Question 11

The term boundary extension refers to our tendency to remember scenes as being more expansive than they actually are. It is thought that this occurs because of _.

Accepted Answer

A)  proactive and retroactive interference 
B)  the tendency for flashbulb memories to be less accurate than they seem 
C)  source confusion and the misinformation effect 
D)  our expectation about how scenes should look

Question 12

It is usually thought that schemas influence the encoding process by:

Accepted Answer

A)  increasing the amount of maintenance rehearsal. 
B)  reducing retroactive interference. 
C)  grouping individual units of information into one larger single unit. 
D)  creating a perceptual set.

Question 13

You are testing a patient in a lab. You notice that your patient has the most difficulty with procedural memory, in particular the learning of a conditioned response. Thus, you suspect damage to the

Accepted Answer

A)  pons 
B)  cerebellum 
C)  hippocampus 
D)  hypothalamus 
E)  amygdala

Question 14

The component of memory that retains incoming information just long enough for it to be recognized is known as:

Accepted Answer

A)  long-term memory. 
B)  working memory. 
C)  sensory memory. 
D)  episodic memory.

Question 15

You are given two sets of words. The first set contains "textbook, soap, fridge" and the second set contains "thought, preceding, readiness." According to Allan Paivio, you will remember the because the dual coding theory is more applicable to

Accepted Answer

A)  second set; schemas 
B)  first set; concrete objects 
C)  first set; chunking 
D)  first set; the method of loci 
E)  second set; abstract concepts

Question 16

The phenomenon of state-dependent memory can be understood by applying the principle of encoding specificity to external stimuli and cues.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

If you think for a moment about the concept "school," it is likely that other concepts such as "textbooks," "teachers," and "exams" may also come to mind. The fact that these other words can be triggered by the word "school" is best considered to be an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  dual encoding. 
B)  priming. 
C)  elaborative rehearsal. 
D)  proactive interference.

Question 18

With regard to the serial position effect, the primacy effect refers to the superior recall of words presented at/in the of the list.

Accepted Answer

A)  end 
B)  beginning and end 
C)  beginning 
D)  middle

Question 19

When asked to reproduce or draw a picture from memory, people consistently remember scenes as being more expansive or wider than they actually are. This phenomenon is known as:

Accepted Answer

A)  retroactive interference. 
B)  source confusion. 
C)  boundary extension. 
D)  flashbulb memory distortion.

Question 20

Assume you are presented with a list of 15 random words. Immediately after the list has been presented, you are asked to recall as many of the words as you can. Research has shown that you will tend to:

Accepted Answer

A)  remember words presented in the beginning much better than words presented in the middle or at the end. 
B)  remember words presented in the middle best. 
C)  remember words presented at the beginning and end better than words presented in the middle. 
D)  remember words presented at the end much better than words presented in the middle or at the beginning.

Exam 8: Memory