Question 1

A correlation coefficient of 0.00 indicates that, as the level of one variable increases, the level of the other variable:

Accepted Answer

A) increases. 
B) decreases. 
C) stays constant. 
D) varies randomly.

Question 2

A researcher would be MOST likely to use a microgenetic design in examining:

Accepted Answer

A) the basic pattern of age-related changes in a particular skill. 
B) the pattern of stability and change in individual
children's development in a particular area. 
C) how change in a particular skill occurs. 
D) how individual differences remain stable over long periods of time.

Question 3

Which of the following pieces of evidence would provide the most support for the influence of nurture on the development of empathy?

Accepted Answer

A) In comparison with other adopted children, the only children who show high levels of empathy are those whose biological parents are empathetic and who grow up with caring and altruistic parents. 
B) Children who grow up with caring and altruistic parents are more likely than other children to be empathetic, even when adopted as infants. 
C) Children whose biological parents are empathetic are more likely than other children to be empathetic, even when adopted as infants. 
D) There is no association between parents' characteristics and children's empathy.

Question 4

According to the text, what is NOT a reason stated for studying child development?
•help in the raising of children
•proving or disproving certain child psychologists'
theories 
•understanding human nature
•choosing social policies that affect children in general

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the text, what is NOT...

Question 5

Longitudinal designs:

Accepted Answer

A) study children on the verge of a developmental change in order to examine the processes that produce changes. 
B) compare groups of children who are different ages on the same variable. 
C) follow the same children over a period of time. 
D) use random assignment.

Question 6

Which of the following research designs allows researchers to infer cause-and-effect associations between variables?

Accepted Answer

A) structured 
B) correlational 
C) experimental 
D) None of the answers is correct.

Question 7

Which of Scarr's factors is related to the theme of the "active" child?

Accepted Answer

A) genetic differences 
B) different choices of environment 
C) differences in treatment by parents and others 
D) different reactions to similar experiences

Question 8

Which of the following statements reflects what the textbook maintains is the best answer to the question of whether development is fundamentally continuous or discontinuous?

Accepted Answer

A) Development is fundamentally continuous. 
B) Development is fundamentally discontinuous. 
C) Some domains of development, such as cognitive development, are fundamentally discontinuous, whereas other domains, such as social development, are fundamentally continuous. 
D) Whether development is fundamentally continuous or discontinuous depends on perspective-how development is examined as well as how often it is examined.

Question 9

Kochanska and her colleagues probably chose to study toddlers' compliance with their mothers' requests with the methodology they used because:

Accepted Answer

A) children tend to feel most comfortable in their own homes. 
B) they wanted all children to be exposed to the identical situation. 
C) they were interested in children's subjective
experience of the event. 
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 10

As age increases, weight also increases. This is an example of:
•positive correlation. 
•negative correlation.
•no correlation.
•None of these answers is correct.

Accepted Answer

The answer of As age increases, weight also increases. This...

Question 11

Which of the following activities is a typical use of the technique of preferential looking?

Accepted Answer

A) diagnosing cataracts in infants 
B) determining sibling preference 
C) testing changes in children's reasoning 
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 12

The "turtle technique" discussed in the textbook
demonstrates that:

Accepted Answer

A) child-development research can help teachers in real- life classrooms. 
B) child-development research can help parents in real-life situations. 
C) although child-development research can help trained therapists, it rarely can help real teachers and parents. 
D) the techniques that parents and teachers believe work with children often do not stand up to rigorous scientificresearch.

Question 13

Dr. Lowe needs to expand his research beyond his small sample to a more diverse and larger sample in order to obtain:
•interrater reliability.
•internal validity.
•a hypothesis.
•external validity.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dr. Lowe needs to expand his research...

Question 14

A main advantage of an interview is that it:
•ensures that behavior is addressed in all contexts.
•allows for accurate predictions of future behavior.
•helps illuminate social interaction processes.
•can reveal a child's subjective experience.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A main advantage of an interview is...

Question 15

Which of the following aspects is NOT considered part of the sociocultural context?

Accepted Answer

A) neighborhood 
B) societal values 
C) historical era 
D) genes

Question 16

Neurotransmitters are:

Accepted Answer

A) the electrical impulses in the brain. 
B) chemicals involved in communication between brain cells. 
C) gene defects that produce schizophrenia. 
D) what early philosophers theorized reflected children's core nature at birth.

Question 17

Siegler and Jenkins' examination of the development of the counting-on strategy is an example of design.

Accepted Answer

A) longitudinal 
B) cross-sectional 
C) experimental 
D) microgenetic

Question 18

The external validity of a measure involves the extent to which:

Accepted Answer

A) the effects of an experiment are truly due to conditions the researcher intended to manipulate. 
B) different observers of the same behavior agree. 
C) the results of a study will hold when studies are conducted with different participants and methods. 
D) None of the answers is correct.

Question 19

Consider the research on preschoolers' ability to provide accurate testimony about past events discussed in the text. Of the following pieces of advice, which one would be the MOST important to tell an interviewer prior to interviewing a young child?

Accepted Answer

A) Be sure to bring a doll to aid the child in answering your questions. 
B) Be sure you know the answers to the questions before
asking the child. 
C) If you don't think the child answered a question accurately, be sure to ask the child the question again. 
D) All of the answers are correct. 
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 20

Which of the following statements expresses a disadvantage of naturalistic observation?

Accepted Answer

A) Memory of participants for past events is often inaccurate and incomplete. 
B) Naturalistic observation can feel artificial to the
participants. 
C) Reports are often biased to reflect favorably on the participants. 
D) Naturalistic observation has a limited value for
studying infrequent behaviors. 
E) None of the answers is a disadvantage of naturalistic observation.

Exam 1: An Introduction to Child Development