Question 1

Previous research has found that very young babies:

Accepted Answer

A) can map symbols to quantities. 
B) can count to 5. 
C) can discriminate between a set containing 6 objects and a set containing 12 objects. 
D) demonstrated no precursors to learning mathematics.

Question 2

The deliberate teaching of children to pass on knowledge, information, and skills is called:

Accepted Answer

A) social enhancement. 
B) imitation. 
C) socialization. 
D) explicit instruction.

Question 3

The inability to break words into their component syllables and phonemes predicts:

Accepted Answer

A) poor spelling. 
B) difficulty in speaking. 
C) difficulty in learning to read. 
D) difficulty in learning to write.

Question 4

For which of the following does a child participate in a cognitive activity before he or she has mastered the full set of abilities for that activity?

Accepted Answer

A) the horizontal décalage 
B) bio-social-behavioral shift 
C) discontinuous development 
D) zone of proximal development

Question 5

Children who display a mastery-oriented motivational pattern are likely to give up when they begin failing at a task.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Schooling influences memory abilities by helping children:

Accepted Answer

A) obtain experience remembering items tied to any everyday script. 
B) increase their memory capacity. 
C) develop specialized memory strategies that help them remember arbitrary items. 
D) engage in concrete operational thinking.

Question 7

Reciprocal teaching involves all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A) reading out loud. 
B) summarizing material. 
C) figuring out what the text means. 
D) asking questions about the content.

Question 8

Shirley Heath (1983) found that characteristics of instructional discourse were noted in the home discourse of:

Accepted Answer

A) Euro-American school teachers. 
B) no families she studied. 
C) Euro-American school teachers and Euro-American textile workers. 
D) Euro-American textile workers and African American families.

Question 9

When Scribner and Cole compared the abilities of educated and uneducated Vai people to judge the grammatical correctness of sentences, they found that:

Accepted Answer

A) both groups did equally well. 
B) this metacognitive task was too difficult for both groups. 
C) the literate Vai were much better able to identify grammatical sentences. 
D) the illiterate Vai were much better able to identify ungrammatical sentences.

Question 10

The ability to understand pig Latin (in which the first sound of each word is moved to the end of the word and then followed by "ay," as in "igpay atinlay") requires:

Accepted Answer

A) understanding that each word is represented by a cluster of graphic signs. 
B) top-down processing. 
C) blending. 
D) phonological awareness.

Question 11

Enrollment in Head Start has:

Accepted Answer

A) doubled since 1965. 
B) declined since 1965. 
C) has more than tripled since 1965. 
D) stayed the same since 1965.

Question 12

How does going to school affect memory? Give examples from studies that have compared children who go to school versus those who don't.

Accepted Answer

The answer of How does going to school affect memory?...

Question 13

Very young babies demonstrate the ability to discriminate between different amounts.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Chinese-speaking children are able to map numbers to specific quantities at a younger age than English-speaking children because:

Accepted Answer

A) Chinese-speaking children are smarter. 
B) Chinese-speaking children are better at math. 
C) the English language includes irregular number words. 
D) English words map very quickly to the base-10 number system.

Question 15

How are children with learning disabilities distinguished from their classmates?

Accepted Answer

A) They are assessed as having low intelligence and low achievement levels. 
B) There is a discrepancy between their performance on different parts of the IQ test. 
C) Their disability is readily apparent. 
D) They have vision and hearing problems.

Question 16

Japanese and American classroom practices differed in which of the following ways?

Accepted Answer

A) American teachers were more likely to insure that children used their independent study time well. 
B) Japanese teachers were more likely to use large group instruction. 
C) American teachers were more likely to use large group instruction. 
D) Japanese teachers spent more time on language arts than math.

Question 17

Children who held a belief that intelligence was ____________ avoided challenging tasks, while children who believed that intelligence was ____________ applied themselves and tried harder when faced with challenging tasks.

Accepted Answer

A) a fixed quality; something that can grow 
B) something that can grow; a general characteristic 
C) a fixed quality; multidimensional 
D) something that can grow; a fixed quality

Question 18

Young children who are read to at age 14 months:

Accepted Answer

A) have larger vocabularies at age 2 years. 
B) have smaller vocabularies at age 2 years. 
C) are less likely to be ready for school. 
D) are just as prepared for school as children who are not read to.

Question 19

In contemporary hunter-gatherer societies, children tend to learn through:

Accepted Answer

A) explicit instruction. 
B) everyday activities. 
C) school. 
D) apprenticeships.

Question 20

Mothers who attend school as children are:

Accepted Answer

A) more likely to engage in discussion about health and educational issues involving their children. 
B) use directive child-rearing methods. 
C) less likely to accept information from governmental agencies regarding their children's health and development. 
D) less likely to accept information from the mass media regarding their children's health and development.

Exam 12: School As a Context for Development