Question 1

Mathilde is anxious when she is at home, because she never knows when her parents are going to get into a fight with one of them storming out of the house. Mathilde is lacking security in the __________ of her environment.

Accepted Answer

A)  microsystem 
B)  mesosystem 
C)  exosystem 
D)  macrosystem

Question 2

Magnus is building a tower out of blocks. While he builds, he mutters to himself as he reaches for the next block, deciding if it will be a good fit or not. According to Vygotsky, Magnus is relying on __________ processes.

Accepted Answer

A)  intrapsychological 
B)  intrapersonal 
C)  interpersonal 
D)  interpsychological

Question 3

If a parent wants to increase the likelihood that her son will work on his homework and feed the dog, then her son's behavior must be:

Accepted Answer

A)  positively or negatively reinforced. 
B)  positively reinforced only. 
C)  negatively reinforced only. 
D)  ignored.

Question 4

Which of the following is support for the importance of the bioecological model?

Accepted Answer

A)  Genetic expression is influenced by experience. 
B)  The same genetic factors may be involved in different behaviors. 
C)  Environmental effects can be found in every level of the expression of biological traits. 
D)  all of these

Question 5

The functional influence of __________ processes includes inner speech to guide behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  intrapsychological 
B)  intrapersonal 
C)  interpersonal 
D)  interpsychological

Question 6

__________ refers to the fact that we respond to those around us in a way that causes them to change.

Accepted Answer

A)  Reciprocal interactions 
B)  Observational learning 
C)  Reinforcement 
D)  Cognitive structures

Question 7

Emma likes to talk to herself while she plays with her stuffed animals. Her toy shark, Bruce, is particularly vocal about his food choices. Emma's parents think this behavior contributes to self-absorption and so tell Emma to be quiet. What is the likely outcome for Emma, according to Vygotsky?

Accepted Answer

A)  Emma will develop autonomy. 
B)  Emma will become less trusting of the world. 
C)  Emma will become aggressive later. 
D)  Emma will be stunted in her cognitive development.

Question 8

Who proposed the social cognitive learning theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Skinner 
B)  Piaget 
C)  Erikson 
D)  Bandura

Question 9

The third level of Maslow's hierarchy deals with __________ needs.

Accepted Answer

A)  love and belonging 
B)  safety 
C)  esteem 
D)  comfort

Question 10

What psychic structure is present at birth and contains all of our basic instincts?

Accepted Answer

A)  Id 
B)  Ego 
C)  Superego 
D)  Psychic censor

Question 11

A criticism of Piaget's approach to cognitive development was:

Accepted Answer

A)  he underestimated the ability of infants and young children. 
B)  he relied too much on social context and not enough on genetics. 
C)  his model of information processing was too simple in the context of today's technology. 
D)  his focus on individual variability did not allow generalization.

Question 12

How many developmental stages did Freud propose?

Accepted Answer

A)  Five 
B)  Seven 
C)  Eight 
D)  Four, but with overlapping transitions of five years each

Question 13

John Watson's controversial study of "Little Albert" and other children was important because it showed that fears can be:

Accepted Answer

A)  the result of hidden conflicts left over from early childhood. 
B)  conditioned by pairing negative physical responses with the presence of learned objects. 
C)  eliminated through the careful use of punishment. 
D)  inborn and then manifested through manipulation of the environment.

Question 14

The important components of an infant's life that must be provided by caretakers include __________, according to Erikson.

Accepted Answer

A)  warmth 
B)  care 
C)  discipline 
D)  all of these

Question 15

Freud is recognized as a major role player in psychology because:

Accepted Answer

A)  he developed one of the first comprehensive theories of personality. 
B)  most people recall his name when asked about psychology. 
C)  his theories have withstood the test of time intact. 
D)  he generated a number of testable hypotheses about the later stages of adulthood.

Question 16

When we adopt new ideas about the world, we are __________; whereas when we apply those ideas to different aspects of our lives and, as a result, change our behavior, we are __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  organizing; analyzing 
B)  assimilating; accommodating 
C)  accommodating; assimilating 
D)  analyzing; organizing

Question 17

In Freud's theory of development, if a person becomes fixated at a particular stage:

Accepted Answer

A)  that person will not be able to become a fully mature person. 
B)  that person must skip that stage and come back at a later date to resolve it. 
C)  that person will achieve a healthy role in society. 
D)  they will inevitably develop undesirable latent characteristics.

Question 18

The second level of Maslow's hierarchy deals with __________ needs.

Accepted Answer

A)  safety 
B)  love and belonging 
C)  esteem 
D)  physiological

Question 19

Misaki became afraid of a strange noise she heard, so she crawled over to her father and reached for him. He smiled and picked her up, which made her smile and snuggle closer to him and became calm. According to the bioecological model, this is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  modeling. 
B)  observational learning. 
C)  self-efficacy. 
D)  reciprocal interactions.

Question 20

Joy is 10 years old. Piaget would place her in the __________stage of development.

Accepted Answer

A)  concrete operational 
B)  sensorimotor 
C)  formal operational 
D)  preoperational

Exam 2: Theories of Development: Interpreting the Lifespan