Question 1

Research by Kassin and his colleagues has shown that even when _____ had no problem recognizing that a confession was coerced, they still voted _____ more often.

Accepted Answer

A)  police; not guilty 
B)  jurors; not guilty 
C)  police; guilty 
D)  jurors; guilty

Question 2

Jack was extremely uncomfortable with admitting to a crime against a minor so he kept denying any involvement. The interrogator has been very understanding and nice, and suggested that Jack had committed the crime without realizing the victim was a minor, since she looked so mature and acted like an adult. This situation illustrates a combination of which influence strategies inherent in the Reid technique?

Accepted Answer

A)  Loss of control and social isolation. 
B)  Social isolation and certainty of guilt. 
C)  Loss of control and minimization of culpability. 
D)  Certainty of guilt and minimization of culpability.

Question 3

All of the following are possible explanations for why suspects waive their Miranda rights, EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  the suspect may not understand his or her rights clearly. 
B)  people are used to signing waivers of various kinds. 
C)  police are very careful in explaining to suspects their rights. 
D)  people do not want to create an impression they are guilty.

Question 4

According to the text, the current state of the criminal justice system in the United States makes all of the following very likely to happen, EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  police lie to suspects to elicit a confession. 
B)  suspects are likely to waive their Miranda rights. 
C)  judges rarely rule a confession to be coerced and therefore inadmissible in court. 
D)  juries can often determine if the confession resulted from psychological coercion.

Question 5

In the United States, the following interrogation techniques are legal EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  telling the suspect that he will get a reduced sentence if he confesses to the crime. 
B)  assembling a phony lineup and telling the suspect he was identified by a witness. 
C)  holding the suspect in a cell without visitors or phone calls for 2 weeks. 
D)  having a police informant pose as a cellmate and testify in court about the suspect.

Question 6

Between the 1930s and 1960s, an interrogator in the United States would be likely to use all of the following forms of coercion to elicit confessions, EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  sleep deprivation. 
B)  withholding toilet privileges. 
C)  direct physical violence. 
D)  isolation in a cold, dark cell.

Question 7

According to studies, which form of evidence is the most incriminating one (likely to lead to a conviction)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Eyewitness testimony. 
B)  Expert testimony. 
C)  Confession. 
D)  DNA analysis.

Question 8

In the United Kingdom, the Police and Criminal Evidence (PACE) Act was enacted to make it illegal to trick suspects or to lie for the purpose of coercing suspects to confess. Studies show that _____ of pressure tactics and trickery, suspects are _____ likely to admit guilt.

Accepted Answer

A)  along with the decline; less 
B)  despite the decline; just as 
C)  despite the increase; more 
D)  along with the increase; just as

Question 9

Which one of the following statements about the video recording of interrogations is INCORRECT?

Accepted Answer

A)  Special contributor to the court. 
B)  Expert witness. 
C)  Crime scene investigator. 
D)  Clinical researcher.

Question 10

Daniela was _____and she waived her Miranda rights during her arrest. She decided to tell the police her side of the story without waiting for an attorney. The most likely reason she did that is because she has _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  innocent; nothing to hide 
B)  guilty; something to hide 
C)  guilty; no reason to worry 
D)  afraid; no reason to worry

Question 11

Confessions can be currently ruled inadmissible in the United States for the following reasons, EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  lying by the police during interrogations. 
B)  promises of lenient sentences. 
C)  the use of physical force and threats of violence. 
D)  sleep or food deprivation.

Question 12

What was traditionally called "the third degree" refers to:

Accepted Answer

A)  interrogation tactics that included direct physical violence. 
B)  interrogation tactics that used purely psychological means of coercion. 
C)  the good cop-bad cop approach. 
D)  having three officers present during an interrogation.

Question 13

According to the text, research on jurors' perceptions of confessions shows that:

Accepted Answer

A)  it is easy for jurors to discount or ignore a confession when told it is false. 
B)  it is very difficult for jurors to discount a confession, even when told it is false. 
C)  jurors can forget the confession if told by the judge that it is false. 
D)  None of the above statements are true.

Question 14

The purpose of exculpatory scenarios is to:

Accepted Answer

A)  exclude various possible reasons for the crime to have been committed. 
B)  increase the probability of a confession through offering a justification for the actions. 
C)  reduce confusing circumstances, so an admission of guilt is less likely. 
D)  maximize the importance of the suspect's reasons for committing the crime.

Question 15

After the publication of the Report on Lawlessness in Law Enforcement in 1931, legislative changes resulted in the move from _____ physical abuse to _____ forms of abuse.

Accepted Answer

A)  overt; covert 
B)  covert; overt 
C)  recorded; hidden 
D)  hidden; recorded

Question 16

Describe some common types of false confessions, likely reasons behind them, and typical police tactics that lead to a higher incidence of false confessions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe some common types of false confessions,...

Question 17

Hugo is interrogated alone and told repeatedly that his guilt is corroborated by both physical evidence and eyewitness accounts. This approach most likely embodies the following strategy that the police used during Hugo's interrogation:

Accepted Answer

A)  sense of loss of control and entitlement. 
B)  autonomous perspective and certainty of guilt. 
C)  social isolation and certainty of guilt. 
D)  loss of control and autonomous perspective.

Question 18

In their studies, Lassiter and colleagues asked people to evaluate a confession from three camera angles: showing the suspect only, interrogator only, and both interrogator and suspect. It was found that:

Accepted Answer

A)  the camera angles had no effect on the evaluation of the confession's voluntariness. 
B)  judges are immune to the camera-angle bias when evaluating confessions. 
C)  in the equal-focus camera perspective, the confession was rated as much less coerced. 
D)  in the suspect-only angle, the confession was rated as much less coerced.

Question 19

Even though a _____ may rule that a confession is inadmissible because it was coerced, such rulings are _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  jury; common 
B)  judge; common 
C)  jury; rare 
D)  judge; rare

Question 20

The ruling by a judge that a confession is inadmissible in court because it was coerced is:

Accepted Answer

A)  common. 
B)  illegal. 
C)  rare. 
D)  poor.

Exam 2: Presents Several Potential Solutions to the Problem of False Confessions Which of the Following Is Not One of These Solutions

Research by Kassin and his colleagues has shown that even when _ had no problem recognizing that a confession was coerced, they still voted _ more often.