Question 1

Which of the following is most suitable for an agent-based model study?

Accepted Answer

A)   Dan's study of Asian Canadian and European Canadian attitudes toward cooperation
B)   Leila's study of how Latin American and North American children respond to cooperation
C)   Jorge's qualitative study of how Cuban mothers socialize their children to cooperate
D)   Shonda's study of what environmental conditions might lead to the evolution of cooperation
E)   Chip's study of different cooperation practices in Ghana D

Question 2

The argument that differences in violence between the North and South of the U.S.are due to differences in the importance of honor is

Accepted Answer

A)   strengthened by data showing that homicides of all types are higher in the South.
B)   strengthened by data showing that North-South differences tend to be bigger in rural towns than in large cities.
C)   strengthened by data showing that the South is hotter than the North.
D)   weakened by data showing that differences remain after rates of poverty are controlled for.
E)   weakened by researchers stating in advance what their hypothesis was. B

Question 3

You are hoping to study how people from Denmark and people from Russia differ on levels of happiness.You are concerned about your study being susceptible to the reference group effect.What is one way of measuring happiness that lessens your study's susceptibility?

Accepted Answer

One way of measuring happiness that lessens your study's susceptibility to the reference group effect is to use a standardized measurement tool such as the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) or the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). These scales provide a universal framework for assessing happiness that is not influenced by cultural or societal norms. By using a standardized measurement tool, you can ensure that the levels of happiness reported by individuals from Denmark and Russia are being compared on an equal and unbiased basis, reducing the impact of the reference group effect on your study.

Question 4

If you wanted to do a study using a within-groups manipulation to examine whether European Canadians can be made to think either like European Canadian or like Chinese respondents, which of the following would be the most relevant and appropriate methodology?

Accepted Answer

A)   situation sampling
B)   standardization
C)   between-groups manipulation
D)   acculturation
E)   priming independence or interdependence

Question 5

Which of the following is the most frequently used dimension in culture research?

Accepted Answer

A)   agreeableness-disagreeableness
B)   extroversion-introversion
C)   individualism-collectivism
D)   farmer-herder-urbanite
E)   tightness-looseness

Question 6

Which type of experiment is most likely to lead participants to guess the hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)   a between-groups study
B)   a within-groups study
C)   experiments with forced-choice materials
D)   fMRI decision studies
E)   agent-based decision studies

Question 7

Recall the study described in the previous question, in which Dr.G made participants think about themselves in independent or interdependent ways and then measured their belief in Chinese values.A sample dataset for the study follows.

What type of method of studying culture does this study employ?

Accepted Answer

A)   situation sampling
B)   replication
C)   cultural priming
D)   unpackaging
E)   survey method

Question 8

Zhang wants to run an experiment on cultural priming.Reasoning that language can be used as a cultural prime, he asks all participants whether they prefer he ran their experimental session in English or in Chinese.Zhang tells his participants that either language is fine because he is bilingual.Zhang's crucial mistake is

Accepted Answer

A)   thinking of language as a cultural prime when it is not.
B)   using only a male experimenter.
C)   telling participants that he is bilingual.
D)   giving participants oral (versus written)  instructions.
E)   letting participants choose which language to use in the study.

Question 9

Tom comes from a family of cattle herders, while Jack comes from a rice-farming family.They are both recruited to participate in a study that uses a within-subjects manipulation.In the study, the researchers want to see how angry they would get if they were insulted versus if they were not insulted.Anger was measured by measuring blood pressure.Based on Nisbett and Cohen's research on the culture of honor, draw a graph of what you would expect the data to look like.Be sure to label what the independent and dependent variables are in this graph.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Tom comes from a family of cattle...

Question 10

While helping your colleague analyze data, you realize that she has turned the participants' responses into z scores.Based on the response biases described in the textbook, for what is she most likely trying to account?

Accepted Answer

A)   prestige bias
B)   the deprivation effect
C)   moderacy bias
D)   the reference group effect
E)   ingroup bias

Question 11

You want to do a study to examine whether Greek participants are likely to experience more frequent and more severe threats to their honor than Chinese respondents, or vice versa.What is the most appropriate methodology for testing this?

Accepted Answer

A)   Ask both for explicit cross-cultural comparisons.
B)   Sample Greeks who grew up in China or Chinese who grew up in Greece.
C)   Ask Americans who have lived in both countries.
D)   Use employable reference group effects.
E)   Use situation sampling.

Question 12

All else being equal, which of the following studies will have the most statistical power in a comparison of tight and loose cultures?

Accepted Answer

A)   a study comparing Switzerland and Austria
B)   a study comparing China and South Korea
C)   a study comparing regions within the country of Sweden
D)   a study comparing Canada and North Korea
E)   a study comparing Canada and the United States

Question 13

Your cross-cultural study on the effect of individualism on self-control does not have enough statistical power.To maximally increase power in your study, which of the following should you do?

Accepted Answer

A)   Compare two cultures that are similar to each other in their level of individualism.
B)   Compare two cultures that are very different from one another in their level of individualism.
C)   Use statistical tests that have fewer assumptions.
D)   Use a self-report measure of self-control.
E)   Keep the study design as is-it's not possible to increase the statistical power.

Question 14

Using an example from the textbook, explain why researchers should have some knowledge about the cultures they are examining.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Using an example from the textbook, explain...

Question 15

Nisbett and Cohen's explanation for North-South differences in the United States is most persuasive because

Accepted Answer

A)   they made physiological measurements.
B)   all participants were from the same country.
C)   they used multiple methods to test their hypothesis.
D)   the explanation is backed up by folk wisdom.
E)   the experimental data is conclusive.

Question 16

Why would herding lead to the development of a culture of honor?

Accepted Answer

A)   Dealing with animals gets people used to being dominant.
B)   In herding cultures, wealth is portable.
C)   Herding cultures tend to be in hotter climates.
D)   In herding cultures, people have less formal education.
E)   Herding cultures have more guns.

Question 17

A strength of Nisbett and Cohen's research program into the impact of a culture of honor on regional differences in violence between the U.S.South and U.S.North is that

Accepted Answer

A)   they accounted for biases between the two groups.
B)   they were able to manipulate all of their independent variables.
C)   they were able to cause northerners to respond like southerners.
D)   there are no response bias differences between these two groups.
E)   they used multiple methods across their studies.

Question 18

The tendency for people who live in isolating conditions to report valuing social connection more than those living in close-knit communities is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)   the reference group effect.
B)   social desirability norms.
C)   acquiescence bias.
D)   debiasing effects.
E)   deprivation effects.

Question 19

In your initial study, you noticed that your participants tended to say they strongly agreed with of the items on your questionnaire.When doing a follow-up study, how would you tell whether your original participants suffered from acquiescence bias?

Accepted Answer

A)   Use concrete as opposed to subjective response options.
B)   Use a scale with an odd number of response options.
C)   Ensure that the items are thoroughly back-translated.
D)   Reverse-score half the items.
E)   None of these choices will detect the problem.

Question 20

In the study conducted by Scandinavian researchers to observe a family meal in rural India, the researchers misunderstood what they had observed because

Accepted Answer

A)   the back-translation from Hindi was poor.
B)   the dinner they observed was put on by trained actors.
C)   the researchers failed to use quantitative measures.
D)   the researchers forgot to bring a video camera and suffered from memory biases.
E)   they did not know that the practice of having family meals does not occur in that part of India.

Exam 4: Development and Socialization: How Do We Come to Learn a Culture