Question 1

Suppose that in the future, worldwide climate continues to become more extreme and variable.What will be the most likely effect of this climate change on culture?

Accepted Answer

A)  Indigenous groups will continue to maintain their native languages. 
B)  People will become less involved in community organizations that teach traditional values. 
C)  Rates of bilingualism will increase. 
D)  People will become less interested in living in multicultural societies. 
E)  More people will immigrate to places with collectivistic rather than individualistic cultures.

Question 2

Which of the following depicts an evoked culture?

Accepted Answer

A)  A culture promotes harmony with the environment to appease the gods. 
B)  People in a village surrounded by water in the West Indies are terrified of dark ocean water because darkness evokes physiological arousal. 
C)  Tribe members learn from recent fatalities not to eat red salamanders. 
D)  A culture uses the possession of meat as a status symbol due to the universal desire to consume meat. 
E)  The media reports that it is cowardly to fight wearing helmets, evoking a change in boxers' desire to wear helmets.

Question 3

Research on the rise of individualism shows that books published in the United States over the past 200 years have shown an increase in words such as

Accepted Answer

A)  "we," "us," and "our." 
B)  "individualism," "collectivism," and "division." 
C)  "obedience," "authority," "obligated," and "belong." 
D)  "choose," "unique," "self," and "individual." 
E)  "morality," "individuate," "rights," and "status."

Question 4

Based on research about cultural transmission, which of the following YouTube advertisements is the LEAST likely to be spread to other people?

Accepted Answer

A)  a car commercial that is extremely weird and does not feature any cars 
B)  a home renovation company's advertisement that contains useful tips on how to make home repairs 
C)  a fraternity's recruitment advertisement that is full of racial stereotypes 
D)  a mayor's election campaign video that uses clear, succinct points to describe her platform 
E)  an insurance company's advertisement that induces a lot of fearful emotions in the audience

Question 5

According to Jared Diamond, why were the germs brought by the Spaniards so much deadlier to the Incans than the Incan germs were to the Spaniards?

Accepted Answer

A)  The Spaniards had developed cleaner habits than the Incans. 
B)  The Incans lived closer together, so the Spanish germs were transmitted far more easily. 
C)  The Spaniards had lived in close proximity to domesticated animals for much longer than the Incans. 
D)  The large Eurasian continent allowed the Spaniards to be exposed to a larger variety of germs than the relatively smaller South American continent of the Incans. 
E)  The Spanish diet contained more antibiotic agents than the Incan diet.

Question 6

On Planet Belia, two civilizations, the Edinia and the Elash, have coexisted for centuries in the same environmental context.Both civilizations have marriage rituals (for this question, assume that marriage rituals can only be either monogamous or polygamous).You know that Edinians believe that polygamy is generally better than monogamy, so there are more polygamists than monogamists in Edinia.To determine whether evoked culture or transmitted culture plays a bigger role in affecting marriage rituals, you visit Edinia and Elash and try to find the proportion of marriages that are monogamous versus polygamous.Draw a bar graph of what your data would look like if transmitted culture plays a bigger role than evoked culture.

Accepted Answer

The answer of On Planet Belia, two civilizations, the Edinia...

Question 7

The examples of native Hawaiians having no large indigenous mammals in Hawaii and of the !Kung being surrounded by large animals in the Kalahari Desert are given in the textbook to illustrate which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  The presence of large animals is related to cultural persistence. 
B)  The presence of large animals is related to rapid cultural change. 
C)  The presence of large animals is associated with increases in aggression. 
D)  The presence of large animals affects cultural traditions for foraging. 
E)  The presence of large animals predict greater gender inequality.

Question 8

Army recruits are assigned randomly into specific sleeping quarters, where they do a lot of socializing during break time and at night.The political and religious attitudes of the recruits were surveyed before they were assigned sleeping quarters, and then again after several weeks of training.The generals found that the recruits' political and religious ideas tended to form clusters based on their sleeping quarters.Which of the following can best explain this situation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Useful ideas spread more easily. 
B)  Minimally intuitive ideas are more transmittable. 
C)  People in close contact tend to influence each other. 
D)  Early conditions have disproportionate influences. 
E)  Small differences lead to large effects.

Question 9

Which of the following is true about cultural change in the United States?

Accepted Answer

A)  Americans today score lower on the SAT than they did a generation ago. 
B)  Americans today score higher on the SAT than they did a generation ago. 
C)  Performance on the Raven's Matrices test reveals that Americans have lower IQs today than they did a generation ago. 
D)  "Culture-bound" IQ tests have shown increases in American intelligence over the past generation, but "culture-free" IQ tests have not shown any changes. 
E)  IQ increased among Americans in the first half of the twentieth century but has been decreasing since then.

Question 10

Takeshi discovers a lot of tips and tricks to give him an easier time playing his favorite computer game, which he proceeds to show all his gaming buddies.Which of the following does this best illustrate?

Accepted Answer

A)  pluralistic ignorance 
B)  that emotional ideas spread more easily 
C)  horizontal transmission 
D)  the autokinetic effect 
E)  vertical transmission

Question 11

East Asia is at a latitude that allows for the easy domestication of plants and animals, and having these conditions in early times propelled East Asian cultures to prosperity today.This scenario is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  proximate causes. 
B)  transmitted culture. 
C)  distal causes. 
D)  evoked culture. 
E)  epidemiology of ideas.

Question 12

Is conformity an example of evoked culture or transmitted culture, and why?

Accepted Answer

A)  transmitted culture, because the conformity motive varies widely across cultures 
B)  transmitted culture, because certain conformity behaviors have spread quickly across different geographical settings 
C)  evoked culture, because the majority of cultural differences are evoked rather than transmitted 
D)  evoked culture, because psychological differences such as the motive to conform are more often caused by evoked culture rather than transmitted culture 
E)  evoked culture, because stronger norms promoting conformity arose in response to the prevalence of pathogens in certain ecologies

Question 13

The textbook describes the relationship between IQ changes across time and television viewing as showing

Accepted Answer

A)  decreases in verbal intelligence but increases in problem-solving intelligence. 
B)  decreases in problem-solving intelligence but increases in pattern-recognition skills. 
C)  increases in intelligence for the elderly, but decreases in intelligence for children and adolescents. 
D)  increases in all kinds of intelligence for everyone. 
E)  decreases in all kinds of intelligence for everyone.

Question 14

A few townsfolk begin a movement promoting social harmony.Over time, they expand the movement by interacting with other townsfolk.Soon they have influenced the whole town to join in the movement.This best illustrates which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Shweder's definition of cultural psychology 
B)  Triandis's individualism-collectivism model 
C)  Latané's dynamic social impact theory 
D)  distal causes 
E)  vertical cultural transmission

Question 15

Emie believes that culture has been changing rapidly in recent years.What evidence best supports Emie's view?

Accepted Answer

A)  People have been scoring higher on the SAT. 
B)  The slave trade that occurred centuries ago in parts of Africa affects the level of trust in those countries now more than ever. 
C)  An increasing focus on materialism and money has made many cultures more individualistic. 
D)  Collectivistic cultures have, overall, become more collectivistic than they were decades ago. 
E)  Increased interconnectedness across cultures has led to decreased tribalism over the last several decades.

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of a proximate cause?

Accepted Answer

A)  Two psychologically different groups of immigrants settled in two different areas of the same country.Eight centuries later, those two areas still exhibit the same psychological differences. 
B)  The presence of dairy farming in Europe led people to develop a genetic mutation that digests lactose in milk, while the absence of dairy farming in East Asia meant that people did not develop this mutation, leading to lactose intolerance. 
C)  People living in warmer climates are no happier than people living in colder climates. 
D)  An Egyptian pharaoh brought in horse-drawn chariots, which allowed his army to outmaneuver and defeat his enemy in battle. 
E)  The modern hammer that has evolved over millennia is based on the original rocks that prehistoric humans used as hammers.

Question 17

In a gardening competition, the Martians' steel tools allowed them to easily defeat the Earthlings, who used wooden tools.Which of the following best explains why the Martians defeated the Earthlings?

Accepted Answer

A)  geographic variation 
B)  distal cause 
C)  pluralistic ignorance 
D)  proximate cause 
E)  differences in intelligence

Question 18

Justify why the cultural practice of eating seal blubber found among many indigenous populations in the Arctic is both an evoked culture and a transmitted culture.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Justify why the cultural practice of eating...

Question 19

Whereas the term ________ describes explanations using factors that occurred a long time ago, the term ________ describes explanations using factors that have direct and immediate effects.

Accepted Answer

A)  distal causes; proximate causes 
B)  evoked culture; transmitted culture 
C)  direct causes; indirect causes 
D)  biological evolution; cultural evolution 
E)  vertical transmission; horizontal transmission

Question 20

Imagine a young woman named Jaymie who believes she should eat only red foods.Which of the following would be the best evidence that Jaymie's belief is a result of cultural evolution, not biological evolution?

Accepted Answer

A)  Empirical evidence shows that red foods are more nutritious than foods of other colors. 
B)  Jaymie has a predisposition to eat red foods and prefers them even though her friends eat yellow foods. 
C)  Jaymie first heard about red foods being nutritious when she was 3 years old, but she did not believe red foods were the most nutritious until she was 80 and had children and grandchildren of her own. 
D)  Jaymie overheard some of her peers saying that red foods are the most nutritious, but her family members, including her grandparents and great-grandparents, who are no longer alive, have always believed that yellow foods are the most nutritious. 
E)  People who eat only red foods are more likely to have surviving offspring compared to people who eat foods of many different colors.

Exam 3: Methods for Studying Culture and Psychology