Question 1

Markel wants to teach his dog to sit, but he doesn't want his dog to gain too much weight from getting too many treats. Based on what you know about schedules of reinforcement, you tell him it would be BEST to use a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  extinction 
B)  negative 
C)  partial 
D)  continuous

Question 2

For Pavlov to extinguish salivation in his dogs, he had to present the bell _____ the food.

Accepted Answer

A)  after 
B)  at the same time as 
C)  without 
D)  before

Question 3

After his accidental discovery, Pavlov changed the focus of his research from digestion to what he called:

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning. 
B)  conditioned reflexes. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  association.

Question 4

A _____ reinforcer requires no learning to have a reinforcing effect.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive 
B)  negative 
C)  primary 
D)  secondary

Question 5

Insulin is produced by the body when sugar is ingested. Research has found that insulin starts being produced just when sugar is put on the tongue-before it actually gets into the stomach and, ultimately, the bloodstream. In this scenario, sugar actually entering the stomach and bloodstream would be a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimulus. 
B)  conditioned response. 
C)  unconditioned stimulus. 
D)  unconditioned response.

Question 6

When Suzie enters the dentist's office, the sound of the drill makes her wince, even though she doesn't currently feel any pain. In this situation, her wince is MOST likely a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimulus. 
B)  conditioned response. 
C)  unconditioned stimulus. 
D)  unconditioned response.

Question 7

Reinforcers are delivered after _____ on ratio schedules of reinforcement, and reinforcers are delivered after _____ on interval schedules of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  a number of responses; the first response after a period of time 
B)  a number of responses; a number of responses 
C)  the first response after a period of time; a number of responses 
D)  the first response after a period of time; the first response after a period of time

Question 8

Compared to classical conditioning, operant conditioning is more:

Accepted Answer

A)  passive. 
B)  active. 
C)  involuntary. 
D)  reflexive.

Question 9

An initial increase in behavior that occurs when a reinforcer is removed from a contingency is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  an extinction burst. 
B)  punishment. 
C)  shaping. 
D)  discrimination.

Question 10

Which psychologist is MOST associated with the "Little Albert study"?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ivan Pavlov 
B)  John B. Watson 
C)  B. F. Skinner 
D)  Edward L. Thorndike

Question 11

If you get sick after eating a new food, you will MOST likely develop a(n) _____, which is an example of a(n) ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  taste aversion; instinctual drift 
B)  instinctual drift; taste aversion 
C)  taste aversion; biological preparedness 
D)  biological preparedness; taste aversion

Question 12

Shoe companies often pair their logos with successful athletes in order to get you excited about buying their shoes. Which could be BEST described as the conditioned stimulus in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

A)  the shoe company's logo 
B)  the successful athletes 
C)  your excitement about athletes 
D)  your excitement about the shoes

Question 13

_____ is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of inactivity.

Accepted Answer

A)  Acquisition 
B)  Discrimination 
C)  Spontaneous recovery 
D)  Vicarious conditioning

Question 14

When Liam started training for a marathon, he twisted his ankle. Now every time he tries to run, his ankle hurts. Thus, he has decided to stop running for now, though he hopes to try for the marathon next year. Liam's injury is serving as a:

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcer. 
B)  negative reinforcer. 
C)  positive punisher. 
D)  negative punisher.

Question 15

_____ is the perception of a solution to a problem that results from cognitive understanding rather than from trial and error.

Accepted Answer

A)  Insight 
B)  Shaping 
C)  Latent learning 
D)  Observational learning

Question 16

A dog trainer gives a dog a treat every third time the dog sits after the trainer says "sit." What BEST describes the schedule of reinforcement the trainer is using to control the dog's behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-ratio 
B)  variable-ratio 
C)  fixed-interval 
D)  variable-interval

Question 17

Extinction occurs when the _____ stimulus no longer produces a(n) _____ response.

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned; unconditioned 
B)  unconditioned; conditioned 
C)  conditioned; unconditioned 
D)  conditioned; conditioned

Question 18

_____ is the process by which behaviors occur based on biological timing and readiness.

Accepted Answer

A)  Maturation 
B)  Instinct 
C)  Learning 
D)  Adaptation

Question 19

Sam gives his cat a good bit of affection when it jumps up on his desk. Even if Sam is busy working at his desk and there are papers covering the desktop, Sam's cat continues to jump up on the desk to get petted. The cat's behavior is MOST likely due to the learning process of:

Accepted Answer

A)  vicarious conditioning. 
B)  classical conditioning. 
C)  reinforcement. 
D)  punishment.

Question 20

If a behavior spontaneously recovers, the response will MOST likely be _____ than it was before it was extinguished.

Accepted Answer

A)  stronger 
B)  weaker 
C)  different 
D)  more frequent

Exam 6: Learning