Question 1

What did Thorndike (1911) conclude from imitation experiments with animals?

Accepted Answer

A)  Animals cannot learn by observation 
B)  Animals do not show a capacity for intelligence 
C)  Animals can easily imitate another member of their species 
D)  Animals show amazing intelligence

Question 2

The theoretical value of Baer's work, as illustrated by the case of Marilla, supports the idea that:

Accepted Answer

A)  Complex human behavior may arise from simple behavior principles operating in combination 
B)  Simple human behavior may arise from respondent behaviors that produce more complex behaviors down the line 
C)  If a person cannot cognitively process imitation they will not be able to produce the behaviors necessary to replicate 
D)  Complex imitation involves a series of observation and conscious choices to engage in imitation

Question 3

A child attempting to repeat sounds their parents make can be explained by:

Accepted Answer

A)  Parent conditioning that involves the reinforcement the parent gives in the form of attention 
B)  Respondent conditioning that occurs by the child receiving food and nourishment that strengthens their want to please their parent 
C)  Social conditioning that involves reinforcement from the parents 
D)  Social conditioning through the intrinsic reward a child gets by engaging in language

Question 4

Bandura's social-cognitive model of observational learning includes all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

A)  Retention (memory) of the observed act 
B)  Motivation to engage in the observed act 
C)  Ability to engage in the observed act 
D)  Previous experience performing the observed act

Question 5

Precurrent behavior is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Behavior that is still being learned 
B)  The first several responses in a behavioral chain 
C)  An operant that precedes some other response 
D)  Behavior that must be learned prior to the acquisition of more complex behavior

Question 6

The "memory function" involved in responding to the request of "Please text me your roommate's number" would be:

Accepted Answer

A)  Texting the phone number 
B)  Repeating (rehearsing) to yourself "find my roommate's number" 
C)  Searching through your list of contacts 
D)  Recalling the last time you called your roommate

Question 7

Jones (2009) challenged the conclusions of Meltzoff and Moore regarding spontaneous imitation in infants on the grounds that:

Accepted Answer

A)  Infants 0.7 to 71 hours old never imitated mouth opening 
B)  Tongue protrusions are a species-typical behavior that occur to lots of stimuli 
C)  Infants 16 to 21 days old failed to imitate tongue protrusions 
D)  Infants 12 to 21 days old failed to imitate sequential-finger movements

Question 8

Epstein's experiments on direct and delayed spontaneous imitation supports the idea that:

Accepted Answer

A)  Spontaneous imitation occurs because it has been important to the survival and reproduction of the species 
B)  Spontaneous imitation occurs because it has been reinforced by the individual's previous actions 
C)  Spontaneous imitation occurs despite a lack of reinforcement because of the creative nature of the individual 
D)  Spontaneous imitation cannot be directly observed and has not been substantiated

Question 9

According to Baer and Sherman (1964) generalized imitation is maintained by:

Accepted Answer

A)  Correspondence between what is observed and what is performed 
B)  Intermittent reinforcement 
C)  Social contingencies 
D)  The natural contingencies that maintain the behavior in the model

Question 10

In the Meltzoff and Moore (1977) study (Experiment 1) of infant imitation, the researchers:

Accepted Answer

A)  Used 12- to 21-day-old infants 
B)  Presented four gestures in random order 
C)  Presented a passive face for 90 seconds 
D)  All of these

Question 11

Through research on spontaneous imitation with cats and other animals in puzzle boxes, Thorndike concluded that:

Accepted Answer

A)  Cats and other animals can learn by observation 
B)  Cats and other animals cannot learn by observation 
C)  Cats and other animals cannot engage in social learning 
D)  Cats and other animals can engage in social learning

Question 12

Rule-following is ______ regulated by _____ of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  Cognitively; expectancies 
B)  Socially; expectancies 
C)  Behavior; contingencies 
D)  Mentally; contingencies

Question 13

To show the importance of ______ for Marilla's ______ imitations, Don Baer changed the ____ of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  Stimulus control; immediate; contingency 
B)  Stimulus control; spontaneous; quality 
C)  Reinforcement; immediate; quality 
D)  Reinforcement; novel; contingency

Question 14

Imitation requires that the learner emits a _____ response that could only occur by observing a ____ emit a similar response.

Accepted Answer

A)  Novel; model 
B)  Similar; conspecific 
C)  Significant; peer 
D)  Operant; organism

Question 15

______ is an example of mirror neurons at work.

Accepted Answer

A)  An animal's brain responding to an image of themselves as if it were a similar organism 
B)  An animal's brain responding to animals that appear similar as if they were all the same 
C)  An animal's brain visually switching a positive stimulus to a negative stimulus 
D)  An animal's brain responding to watching another animal perform an action they have also performed

Question 16

Repeating a joke to your coworkers that you heard told by a late night host the previous day violates the operant imitation account of imitation in all of the following ways except:

Accepted Answer

A)  The imitative response is novel 
B)  The reinforcement for the response appears to be missing 
C)  The context in which the response occurs is different 
D)  The observed behavior happened hours before the imitative response

Question 17

The instruction given by airlines before takeoff regarding the use of the oxygen masks in the case of lost air pressure in the cabin is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  A function-altering event 
B)  Contingency-shaped behavior 
C)  Joint control by two verbal stimuli 
D)  Generalized imitative behavior

Question 18

In regards to self-generated rule compliance, Bandura believes:

Accepted Answer

A)  Self-efficacy rules influence performance and achievement in life 
B)  Self-generated rules are the product of contingencies of reinforcement 
C)  The individual is separate from self-generated rules 
D)  Self-generated rules allow classical and operant conditioning to occur

Question 19

Demonstrating spontaneous imitation is _____ because _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  Simple; organisms demonstrate these behaviors at a high rate when faced with a new context 
B)  Difficult; all behavior can be explained in terms of a purpose 
C)  Impossible; it is a construct that has not been proven 
D)  Difficult; the observer's behavior can confound results

Question 20

Which of the following is true of Bandura's Bobo doll experiment:

Accepted Answer

A)  Whether the model was rewarded or punished did not make a difference on the level of observed aggression 
B)  Levels of aggression were roughly equal in boys and girls 
C)  All three groups remembered the modeled aggression at about the same level when given an incentive to do so 
D)  There was a clear difference in the level of aggression between those who saw the aggression rewarded and those who watched the clip where no consequences were observed for aggression

Exam 11: Correspondence Relations: Imitation and Rule-Governed Behavior