Question 1

A researcher taking a dynamic-systems approach to motor development would be MOST likely to examine the impact of _____ on the development of crawling.

Accepted Answer

A) cortical maturation 
B) multiple variables 
C) muscle strength 
D) vision

Question 2

Experience shapes preference for

Accepted Answer

A) own-race faces over other-race faces. 
B) top-heavy stimuli over bottom-heavy stimuli. 
C) attractive faces over unattractive faces. 
D) all of these.

Question 3

When comparing how young children learn from in-person interactions and noncontingent interactions, which statement is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A) Young children learn better from noncontingent interactions compared to in-person interactions. 
B) The way in which young children learn from in-person and noncontingent interactions is directly related to their gender. 
C) There is no real difference in how young children learn when comparing in-person interactions to noncontingent interactions. 
D) Young children learn better from in-person interactions compared to noncontingent interactions.

Question 4

Learning the relations between one's own behaviour and its consequences is

Accepted Answer

A) statistical learning. 
B) instrumental conditioning. 
C) classical conditioning. 
D) perceptual learning.

Question 5

Research conducted by Esther Thelen supported which theoretical perspective?

Accepted Answer

A) Piaget's theory of cognitive development 
B) theory of mind 
C) sociocultural context 
D) dynamic-systems

Question 6

Dr. Jones has presented an infant with a succession of black and white paddles with increasingly narrow stripes and increasingly narrow gaps between them. He wants to determine when the infant can no longer distinguish between the striped paddles and a grey one. Dr. Jones is assessing the infant's

Accepted Answer

A) contrast sensitivity. 
B) visual acuity. 
C) visual scanning. 
D) habituation.

Question 7

The relationship between early musical experiences and the development of language and literacy is related to

Accepted Answer

A) perceptual narrowing. 
B) sensory decay. 
C) perceptual decline. 
D) sensory contraction.

Question 8

Which activity is NOT an example of self-locomotion?

Accepted Answer

A) crawling 
B) walking 
C) reaching 
D) "bum shuffles"

Question 9

_____ is indicative of a possible neurological problem.

Accepted Answer

A) The existence of the tonic neck reflex 
B) Persistence of any neonatal reflexes past infancy 
C) An abnormally strong sucking reflex 
D) The disappearance of the grasping reflex

Question 10

By what age does a developing child's visual acuity approach that of adults?

Accepted Answer

A) 8 weeks 
B) 8 months 
C) 2 years 
D) 6 years

Question 11

Pictorial cues are also referred to as _____ depth cues.

Accepted Answer

A) perceptive 
B) binocular 
C) stereotypical 
D) monocular

Question 12

Research by Hannon and Trehub on North American infants as well as North American and Balkan adults demonstrated that _____ perceived changes in simple rhythms, and _____ perceived changes in complex rhythms.

Accepted Answer

A) all groups; infants 
B) all groups; infants and Balkan adults 
C) infants and Balkan adults; Balkan adults 
D) both groups of adults; infants

Question 13

The preferential-looking method enables researchers to assess

Accepted Answer

A) contrast sensitivity. 
B) visual acuity. 
C) visual scanning. 
D) habituation.

Question 14

Which of the following BEST describes what an affordance is?

Accepted Answer

A) ability 
B) possibility for action 
C) perception 
D) memory

Question 15

The change in retinal image size as a moving object gets closer, causing more and more of the background to be occluded, is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A) retinal enlargement. 
B) perceptual constancy. 
C) optical expansion. 
D) relative size.

Question 16

Rebecca suffers from strabismus and as an adult experiences pervasive challenges in binocular vision. By what age could she have received treatment that would have been effective in treating the disorder?

Accepted Answer

A) 6 months 
B) 1 year 
C) 2 years 
D) 3 years

Question 17

This is a reward that reliably follows a behaviour and increases the likelihood that the behaviour will be repeated.

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) positive punishment 
D) negative punishment

Question 18

Research demonstrating that young infants reach for objects in the dark is evidence of their

Accepted Answer

A) conception of object permanence. 
B) inability to mentally represent objects. 
C) innate learning mechanism. 
D) excellent night vision.

Question 19

Four-month-old infants respond more to a film _____ than to a film _____.

Accepted Answer

A) of a monkey hopping; of a human hopping 
B) that matches the sounds they are hearing; that doesn't match the sounds they are hearing 
C) showing a face in which lips move out of sync with the speech they hear; showing a face in which lips move in sync with the speech they hear 
D) showing a person saying "Peekaboo!"; showing a hand beating a drumstick against a block

Question 20

Before the age of 4 months, which type of exploration of the environment is MOST common?

Accepted Answer

A) oral 
B) manual 
C) self-locomotive 
D) smell

Exam 5: Perception, Action, and Learning in Infancy