Question 1

Which statement about epigenetics is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A) One's hereditary information stays constant throughout life. 
B) One's DNA can be altered by experience. 
C) Early experiences can alter the expression of one's genes. 
D) All of these statements are true.

Question 2

According to the text, differences between U.S. and Mayan childhood sleeping patterns are due to differences in

Accepted Answer

A) laws. 
B) financial circumstances. 
C) cultural values. 
D) family structure.

Question 3

A correlation coefficient of 0.00 indicates that as the level of one variable increases, the level of the other variable

Accepted Answer

A) increases. 
B) decreases. 
C) varies randomly. 
D) stays constant.

Question 4

Choose two of the following philosophers: Aristotle, Locke, Plato, Rousseau. Describe one similarity and one difference between the two.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Choose two of the following philosophers: Aristotle,...

Question 5

Which statement is NOT part of the logic of experimental designs?

Accepted Answer

A) Two or more groups of participants vary on one or more variables at the outset. 
B) The participants within one group are given an experience that differs in only one way from the experience given to participants in the other group. 
C) The participants in different groups behave differently after the experiences. 
D) The different experiences are concluded to have caused the subsequent difference in behaviour.

Question 6

Stella has experienced poverty her entire life. Which is NOT an aspect related to cumulative risk that puts Stella at risk for hindered successful development?

Accepted Answer

A) attending an inferior day-care centre 
B) increased exposure to pollution 
C) attending an A-rated school 
D) residing in a single-parent home

Question 7

The relationship between the influence of nature and nurture on developmental outcomes can BEST be described by which statement?

Accepted Answer

A) Nature has more influential on developmental outcomes than nurture does. 
B) Nurture has more influential on developmental outcomes than nature does. 
C) There is a bidirectional interaction between nature and nurture that influences developmental outcomes. 
D) There is no relationship between the influence of nature and nurture on developmental outcomes.

Question 8

Dr. Jefferson is a psychologist interested in 4-year-old Shawn's knowledge of the differences between animals and vehicles. The psychologist gives Shawn a multiple-choice picture test in which he must write the letter of the correct answer on a separate piece of paper. However, Shawn has trouble identifying and writing some letters. On two separate occasions, Shawn receives the same score on the test. This method has _____ validity and _____ reliability.

Accepted Answer

A) good; good 
B) good; poor 
C) poor; good 
D) poor; poor

Question 9

Researchers would be LEAST likely to examine the effect of _____ on _____ with experimental design.

Accepted Answer

A) children's TV viewing habits; sibling relationships 
B) teachers' testing procedures; children's school achievement 
C) poverty; children's beliefs about intelligence 
D) social skills training; children's ability to make friends

Question 10

When a child overcomes obstacles in development related to poverty or other negative experiences, he can be said to be _____, according to the text.

Accepted Answer

A) resilient 
B) strong 
C) optimistic 
D) full of grit

Question 11

Neurotransmitters can BEST be described as

Accepted Answer

A) electrical impulses in the brain. 
B) chemicals involved in communication between brain cells. 
C) gene defects that produce schizophrenia. 
D) what early philosophers theorized reflected children's core nature at birth.

Question 12

Rachel is a 6-month-old who has recently learned to sit up on her own. Her mother places two toys in front of her: a soft yellow stuffed animal within her reach and a colourful rattle slightly out of her reach. Seeing both toys, Rachel chooses the one she finds more appealing to play with. Over time, choices such as these do NOT influence development of

Accepted Answer

A) personality. 
B) crawling. 
C) an understanding of cause and effect. 
D) gross motor skills.

Question 13

Based on the findings from Werner's study, outline the three characteristics of children who demonstrate resilience.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Based on the findings from Werner's study,...

Question 14

Which item is NOT one of the four factors Scarr identified as involved in the differences among siblings?

Accepted Answer

A) sociocultural context 
B) genes 
C) children's choice of environments 
D) treatment by parents and others

Question 15

Stage theories regard development as

Accepted Answer

A) active. 
B) passive. 
C) continuous. 
D) discontinuous.

Question 16

Dr. Schmidt is studying the effectiveness of a new reading program on minority children who have experienced an impoverished family background and low maternal involvement. She will separate children into two groups-one that gets the new reading program and one that uses the current reading program. She will also use random assignment to create her two groups. The groups created in this manner would NOT be comparable with regard to which characteristic?

Accepted Answer

A) minority status 
B) maternal involvement 
C) family income level 
D) paternal education level

Question 17

With which statement would stage theorists NOT agree?

Accepted Answer

A) Behaviours of children at different ages differ sharply. 
B) A child's entry into a new stage involves a gradual shift from one way of experiencing the world to a different way of experiencing it. 
C) Children of a particular age show wide-ranging similarities across a variety of situations. 
D) When children enter a new cognitive stage, they demonstrate their new way of thinking across a broad spectrum of tasks.

Question 18

Which statement about individuals' contributions to their own development is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A) Most individuals rarely actively contribute to their own development. 
B) Infants are incapable of actively contributing to their own development. 
C) Individuals' active contributions to their own development strengthen as they age. 
D) Individuals' active contributions to their own development weaken as they age.

Question 19

Kochanska and her colleagues probably chose to study toddlers' compliance with their mothers' requests with the methodology they used because

Accepted Answer

A) children tend to feel most comfortable in their own homes. 
B) they wanted all children to be exposed to identical situations. 
C) they were interested in children's subjective experiences of the event. 
D) of all of these factors.

Question 20

The extent to which two variables are related is referred to as their

Accepted Answer

A) causal direction. 
B) coefficient. 
C) relativity. 
D) correlation.

Exam 1: An Introduction to Child Development