Question 1

What would be the best slogan for Gibson's differentiation theory of perceptual learning?

Accepted Answer

A) "Learn from your prior mistakes." 
B) "The CS signals that the reflex is coming." 
C) "Repeat the actions that have been reinforced." 
D) "Notice the small details that make figures different."

Question 2

According to Gibson, what cognitive process has a child acquired when he or she learns to attend to the perceptual qualities of different letters?

Accepted Answer

A) perception of patterns 
B) identification of distinctive features 
C) cross-modality transfer 
D) enrichment of new sensory information by drawing on stored knowledge

Question 3

Imagine that an infant is shown a blue-coloured card repeatedly.If the colour of the card is now changed to green, and the infant displays increased interest, what can researchers infer?

Accepted Answer

A) The infant can perceive the difference between the two cards. 
B) The infant is not able to perceive the difference between the two cards. 
C) The infant prefers the green card to the blue card. 
D) The infant prefers the blue card to the green card.

Question 4

Describe the visual capabilities of the full-term newborn infant.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the visual capabilities of the full-term...

Question 5

Do you believe that enrichment or differentiation theory best explains the development of intermodal perception? Justify your answer.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Do you believe that enrichment or differentiation...

Question 6

When does sensitivity to cues about the depth, distance, and size of objects develop?

Accepted Answer

A) already present at birth 
B) within the first 6 months 
C) about 18-24 months of age 
D) when the child starts to walk, regardless of age

Question 7

Robbie is 20 months old, and one day, for the first time, he watched his father shave.Two days later his mother claims that Robbie climbed up to the sink and began imitating his father's shaving ritual with a toothbrush.In this case, is the mother's claim plausible?

Accepted Answer

A) Yes, because children begin to show imitation of novel behaviours during the second year. 
B) Yes, because children begin to show imitation of novel behaviours at 6 months of age. 
C) No, because most children do not show imitation of novel behaviours until they reach the concrete operational stage of cognitive development. 
D) No, because most children do not show imitation of novel behaviours until they reach the preoperational stage of cognitive development.

Question 8

Which statement best summarizes the results of Carolyn Rovee-Collier's research regarding infant memory?

Accepted Answer

A) Infants have an even shorter memory span than was suggested by researchers using habituation techniques. 
B) Infants rapidly develop emergent literacy. 
C) Infants rely on stereoscopic depth cues for judging distance. 
D) Infants have memories that endure longer than was suggested by researchers using habituation techniques.

Question 9

Which type of learning is characterized by a new response emerging after seeing others perform that same response?

Accepted Answer

A) habituation 
B) classical conditioning 
C) negative reinforcement 
D) observational learning

Question 10

What is the term for the process whereby the removal of a stimulus after a response increases the likelihood of the response occurring again?

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement 
B) punishment 
C) classical conditioning 
D) negative reinforcement

Question 11

Research indicates that very young infants (0-2 months) have a few preferences with regard to characteristics of visual stimuli; list at least four such characteristics.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research indicates that very young infants (0-2...

Question 12

What is the earliest age that habituation to a repeated stimulus has been demonstrated?

Accepted Answer

A) prenatally 
B) at birth 
C) at 2 months of age 
D) at 4 months of age

Question 13

It has been found that preterm infants do not begin to blink when an object looms at them until several weeks after full-term infants do.Based on current research, what accounts for this effect?

Accepted Answer

A) stereopsis 
B) maturation 
C) size constancy 
D) growth

Question 14

Dr.Yavuz must regularly extract blood from very young infants.What might she do to reduce the experience of pain for her young patients in the safest manner possible?

Accepted Answer

A) Keep the infant cool. 
B) Provide a pain killer in advance of the procedure. 
C) Ask the mother to leave the room, leaving the child in a crib. 
D) Ask the mother to provide skin-to-skin contact when the infant is pricked with the needle.

Question 15

In what way are the evoked potential method and the habituation method similar?

Accepted Answer

A) Both use the psychophysiological recording of brain waves. 
B) Both methods tell whether the infant notices stimulus differences. 
C) Both methods are applicable only to infants, not to older persons. 
D) Both methods avoid the use of equipment.

Question 16

What are three brain-imaging techniques that can be used to assess brain functioning in neonates and infants.How do they differ?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are three brain-imaging techniques that can...

Question 17

In newborns, which sense is the least like an adult's?

Accepted Answer

A) taste 
B) hearing 
C) vision 
D) smell

Question 18

Maja has been abused constantly by her stepsisters, and she runs away from home to escape the abuse.Maja's running away exemplifies which principle of operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement 
B) positive punishment 
C) negative punishment 
D) negative reinforcement

Question 19

Which of the following best characterizes the phenomenon of classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) changing the frequency of a behaviour that is already in the individual's repertoire 
B) ceasing to respond to repeated presentations of a stimulus 
C) a neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response that is normally elicited by another stimulus 
D) the gradual weakening and disappearance of any learned response
Scenario 7.1
Suppose that you borrow your friend's laptop for a week to see whether you want to purchase one yourself.The computer makes a slight whirring sound just before it shuts down automatically due to low battery power.At first you didn't notice the sound and were surprised when the computer shut down.After a few days, however, you now reach for the power cord as soon as you hear the sound.Answer the following questions based upon your knowledge of classical conditioning.

Question 20

In Fantz's looking-chamber experiment, which stimulus did very young infants prefer to gaze at?

Accepted Answer

A) a cartoon face 
B) a simple light-dark pattern 
C) a scrambled cartoon face 
D) a brightly coloured square

Exam 7: Early Cognitive Foundations: Sensation, Perception, and Learning