Question 1

Dweck and associates had an adult respond to Grade 5 students' failures at an anagram task by either criticizing their low effort or their low ability on this task.How did these two different implied attributions affect the children's future attributions for their performance?

Accepted Answer

A) The children's attribution regarding later failures remained the same regardless of the type of feedback that they received. 
B) Children told to work harder improved, and they attributed failures to lack of effort, an attribution associated with a mastery pattern. 
C) Children told to work harder later attributed failures to lack of effort, an attribution associated with a helplessness pattern. 
D) Those hearing comments that focused on their incorrect solutions later attributed failure to lack of ability, an attribution associated with a mastery pattern.

Question 2

Children who show mirror self-recognition are more likely to be raised in cultures that emphasize which characteristic?

Accepted Answer

A) physical appearance 
B) maternal interdependence 
C) individual autonomy 
D) emotional suppressions

Question 3

Despite being warm and loving, why are permissive parents more likely to have children who are low in academic achievement?

Accepted Answer

A) They grant too much autonomy and little monitoring of children's progress. 
B) They do not allow children to discover their own solutions to problems. 
C) They are not sufficiently critical of failures. 
D) They set high standards and praise accomplishments.

Question 4

Suppose that you are a Grade 3 teacher with a class of 8- and 9-year-olds.One of the goals set by your school district is to improve children's role-taking skills.Explain why such a goal might have been made a part of the "directive" to teachers.Then describe two ways you might go about fostering improvement in role taking.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Suppose that you are a Grade 3...

Question 5

What characterizes the parental behaviour of those children who show a high need to achieve?

Accepted Answer

A) They set high standards and give praise for success. 
B) They offer only tangible rewards for successes. 
C) They are very critical of any failure. 
D) They are highly controlling and closely monitor academic progress.

Question 6

Barenboim studied the descriptions that children provided of other people.According to that research, which of the following best captures the changes to the descriptions that children use after 6 years of age?

Accepted Answer

A) Behavioural comparisons increased, and then declined rapidly after age 9. 
B) Psychological constructs increased, and then declined rapidly after age 9. 
C) Psychological comparisons declined steadily, and continued to decline after age 9. 
D) Behavioural comparisons initially declined, and then increased sharply after age 9.

Question 7

Suppose you overhear a group of students discussing the results of their Psychology midterm.Based on current research findings, which of the following statements would be made by the student with an external achievement attribution?

Accepted Answer

A) "I can't understand her during the lecture because she talks too fast." 
B) "I was tired because I was called in to work the graveyard shift the night before." 
C) "The test was too hard and was unfair." 
D) "I am never going to learn this material; I am no good at Psychology."

Question 8

Outline how children's responses to the question "Who am I?" change from early childhood to middle childhood and adolescence.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Outline how children's responses to the question...

Question 9

Griffin just looked in the mirror and saw a spot on the nose of his image.If Griffin is 2 years old, how will he react?

Accepted Answer

A) He will ignore the image. 
B) He will rub at the spot on his nose. 
C) He will stare at the image, but ignore the spot. 
D) He will rub at the spot on the mirror.

Question 10

Identify and discuss three home influences that may have a strong impact on a child's achievement motivation, and also on his or her actual performance.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify and discuss three home influences that...

Question 11

Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding preschoolers' awareness of the psychological characteristics of others?

Accepted Answer

A) They have no awareness of the psychological characteristics of others. 
B) They are aware of the psychological characteristics of others even if they do not necessarily demonstrate that knowledge in all contexts. 
C) They rely heavily on psychological characteristics as a basis for making playmate choices. 
D) They understand that situational factors influence the psychological characteristics that a person displays.

Question 12

How does one's culture affect the development of self-esteem? Describe the results of research that has addressed the differences in the development of self-esteem between individualistic and collectivist societies.

Accepted Answer

The answer of How does one's culture affect the development...

Question 13

Which of the following best captures the research findings of Gurucharri and Selman's five-year longitudinal study of the development of role-taking skills?

Accepted Answer

A) They do not depend on the social context. 
B) They develop in an invariant, stage-like sequence. 
C) They do not depend on general cognitive development. 
D) They develop in an invariant, stage-like sequence

Question 14

Which of the following best represents the research findings regarding changes to self-esteem as children get older?

Accepted Answer

A) Self-esteem decreases for most children. 
B) Self-esteem decreases only for socially immature children. 
C) Self-esteem decreases for males to a greater degree than it does for females. 
D) Self-esteem depends on both how children view themselves and how they are viewed by others.

Question 15

Raoul's mother wants to help him understand that failures are a part of learning and something that can be overcome.If she wants to motivate Raoul to succeed, which of the following should she tell him?

Accepted Answer

A) He is smart. 
B) The work was easy. 
C) He tried a good strategy. 
D) The work was very difficult.

Question 16

According to research findings, what data provide support for the link between secure attachments in infancy and later achievement motivation?

Accepted Answer

A) The parents permit free exploration and impose few boundaries. 
B) The parents provide lavish praise. 
C) The parents provide more stimulating environments. 
D) The parents are more demanding of proper behaviour.

Question 17

Suppose you are at a friend's home, and while you are socializing his son, Nils, explores the living room.You notice that Nils has found a small wooden box that he tries to open repeatedly.Nil's father reaches down and unlatches the catch on the box, but Nil begins to cry until his father opens it for him.Which of the following types of achievement motivation best describe Nil's behaviour?

Accepted Answer

A) learned preservation 
B) learned helplessness 
C) mastery seeking 
D) approval seeking

Question 18

List and describe each of Selman's stages of social perspective taking; indicating for each the relationship to the child's general stage of cognitive development.

Accepted Answer

The answer of List and describe each of Selman's stages...

Question 19

Of the following, which would be the first characteristics to be incorporated into a toddler's self-concept?

Accepted Answer

A) pet ownership and language 
B) sex and age 
C) hair colour and age 
D) sex and hair colour

Question 20

Give a detailed description of Harter's hierarchical model of self-esteem.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Give a detailed description of Harter's hierarchical...

Exam 13: Development of the Self and Social Cognition