Question 1

Jiao is trying to get two pieces of a puzzle to fit together.She works on it for several minutes, and when she succeeds, she quickly looks up at her mother and says, "Look, Mommy." Based on this information, approximately how old is Jaio?

Accepted Answer

A) 18 months 
B) 2 years 
C) 3 years 
D) 5 years

Question 2

According to Barenboim's research findings, what changes occur in children's descriptions of others between the ages of 8 and 11?

Accepted Answer

A) Behavioural comparisons increase. 
B) Psychological constructs increase. 
C) Behavioural constructs decrease. 
D) Psychological comparisons increase.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the incremental view of ability?

Accepted Answer

A) the belief that one's ability can be improved through increased effort and practice 
B) the tendency to give up after failing at a task a number of times 
C) the tendency to make internal-stable attributions for successes and failures 
D) the belief that ability is not influenced by effort or practice

Question 4

Coral scored 100 percent on her statistics midterm.If Coral makes an internal-stable attribution for her success, what is she most likely to say?

Accepted Answer

A) "It was just good luck that most of the exam was on the material I had time to study." 
B) "I was calm and relaxed the day of the exam because I was able to get a good night's sleep the night before." 
C) "I have always been good at statistics; I guess I just have a natural ability in that area." 
D) "The professor makes the whole course so easy to understand that it is virtually impossible to do poorly in the class."

Question 5

According to the research of Berndt and Perry, when adolescents reach stage 3 or 4 of Selman's stages of social perspective taking, their notions of friendship change.At this point, what do adolescents believe is an important aspect of friendship?

Accepted Answer

A) the exchange of intimate thoughts and feelings 
B) reciprocation of good deeds 
C) psychological similarity between friends 
D) an interest in common activities

Question 6

Which of the following parental behaviours are most strongly associated with high levels of self-esteem in their children?

Accepted Answer

A) Parents are warm and supportive. 
B) Parents are autocratic. 
C) Parents are loving and permissive. 
D) Parents are directive and controlling.

Question 7

According to Dweck, which of the following would a child with a mastery orientation offer as a reason for failure on a test?

Accepted Answer

A) The test was challenging. 
B) I am just not good at that subject. 
C) The test was unfair. 
D) I was unlucky.

Question 8

Which of the following best summarizes the research findings of Doyle and Aboud regarding prejudicial attitudes in preschool children?

Accepted Answer

A) They often display at least some understanding of ethnic categories and show a preference for their own group. 
B) They generally do not display stereotyping or prejudicial attitudes, regardless of the context. 
C) They display stereotyping and prejudicial attitudes only if they are cognitively advanced. 
D) They display stereotyping and prejudicial attitudes only if their parents have provided opportunities for imitation of these attitudes.

Question 9

What characterizes the parental behaviour of those children who show a low need to achieve?

Accepted Answer

A) They set high standards and give praise for success. 
B) They offer only tangible rewards for successes. 
C) They offer encouragement regardless of success or failure. 
D) They monitor their children's academic progress, but also allow autonomy.

Question 10

According to researchers, when do children first begin to assess their competence by using a peer group for reference?

Accepted Answer

A) as soon as a sense of categorical self is firmly established 
B) during the early preschool years 
C) when they enter the stage of industry versus inferiority 
D) when they enter the stage of identity versus role confusion

Question 11

Recent research has identified bullying as a significant contributor to self-esteem.What percentage of students admitted to bullying others?

Accepted Answer

A) 0-4 percent 
B) 5-13 percent 
C) 14-20 percent 
D) 21 percent or higher

Question 12

How do levels of self-esteem differ between children raised in collectivist societies and children raised in individualistic societies?

Accepted Answer

A) They have lower self-esteem than their individualistic counterparts. 
B) They have higher self-esteem than their individualistic counterparts. 
C) They show levels of self-esteem that do not differ from their individualistic counterparts. 
D) They show more variation in their self-esteem than their individualistic counterparts.

Question 13

Which concept relates best to the finding that self-knowledge and self-esteem depend, to a large extent, on how others perceive and react to a child's behaviour?

Accepted Answer

A) self-appraisal 
B) relational self-worth 
C) the looking-glass self 
D) identity achievement

Question 14

List and describe three of the first dimensions that toddlers typically incorporate into their categorical self.

Accepted Answer

The answer of List and describe three of the first...

Question 15

Secure attachment is related to self-awareness, as shown by which of the following accurately reported findings from research?

Accepted Answer

A) Children, 2- and 3-years old, with both resistant and avoidant attachments, developed complex awareness of themselves before their attached counterparts, but fell behind their secure age-mates on awareness of their mothers. 
B) Insecurely attached children, 2- and 3-years old, failed to develop even simple awareness of themselves or their mothers, and were often unable to answer basic questions, such as their names or genders. 
C) Children, 2- and 3-years old, with avoidant attachments refused to engage with either their own or their mother's image in the rouge task. 
D) Securely attached children, 2- and 3-years old, had a more complex awareness of themselves and their mothers than infants with insecure attachments.

Question 16

Describe the "spot-of-rouge test" of self-recognition and the typical responses that are seen in 9-month-old, 16-month-old, and 21-month-old infants.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the "spot-of-rouge test" of self-recognition and...

Question 17

During middle childhood new dimensions of global self-esteem affect the self-appraisals of males and females in different ways.Identify and describe the factors associated with high and low self-esteem in both males and females as they reach the late elementary school years.

Accepted Answer

The answer of During middle childhood new dimensions of global...

Question 18

Suppose that you are conducting naturalistic research on the content of children's self-descriptions.You have gathered data from a group of children in kindergarten who were asked to describe themselves in a few short sentences at a school recital.Based upon current research, which of the following statements would be typical of your participants?

Accepted Answer

A) "I'm the biggest girl in my class." 
B) "I like fun people." 
C) "I have a backpack and a puppy." 
D) "Mark and April and Liam and Nathan are my best friends."

Question 19

Like Piaget, Nelson and Aboud emphasize peer experience as an important contributor to role-taking skills.According their views, in which of the following situations would peer influence be greatest?

Accepted Answer

A) disagreement and conflict between friends 
B) cooperative play 
C) requiring a child to offer help to a peer 
D) unsupervised settings where children are on an "honour system"

Question 20

According to Harter, how do 8-year-old children rate themselves regarding their social, cognitive, and physical competencies?

Accepted Answer

A) uniformly high or low in all domains 
B) underestimating their competencies 
C) overestimating their competencies 
D) similarly to how teachers and peers perceive them

Exam 13: Development of the Self and Social Cognition