Question 1

For variables measured at the ordinal and interval-ratio levels, measures of association will have a lower limit of _______ and an upper limit of ________

Accepted Answer

A)  0 … 100 
B)  0 … ±1 
C)  0 … 1 
D)  1 … 0

Question 2

To compute Spearman's rho, we

Accepted Answer

A)  rank the scores from each variable from high to low 
B)  take the difference between each score and the mean 
C)  estimate the mean rank squared 
D)  ignore all tied scores

Question 3

A bivariate table shows the association between gender and whether or not a person ever attends formal religious services. Lambda was .34. What may be concluded?

Accepted Answer

A)  women are more likely to attend church 
B)  men are more likely to attend church 
C)  knowing a person's gender improves our ability to predict whether or not they attend religious services by 34% 
D)  knowing whether a person attends religious services improves our ability to predict their gender by 34%

Question 4

For the same bivariate table, Cramer's V is .27 and lambda is zero. What can we conclude?

Accepted Answer

A)  a computational mistake has been made. V can never be greater than lambda 
B)  this is a negative relationship 
C)  there is no association, disregard V 
D)  the variables may be associated even if lambda is zero. Disregard lambda if the row marginals are very unequal

Question 5

For a 3 x 3 table, the appropriate chi square based measure of association would be

Accepted Answer

A)  Cramer's V 
B)  phi 
C)  lambda 
D)  gamma

Question 6

Tests of significance and measures of association provide information about sample data that is

Accepted Answer

A)  complimentary 
B)  contradictory 
C)  unnecessary 
D)  redundant

Question 7

For the relationship between social class and movie attendance, a researcher found a gamma of - 0.45. This relationship is

Accepted Answer

A)  weak and negative 
B)  strong and positive 
C)  negative and moderate 
D)  moderate and weak

Question 8

In a bivariate table, the categories of the dependent variable are placed in the

Accepted Answer

A)  rows 
B)  columns 
C)  marginals 
D)  far right-hand column

Question 9

With the independent variable in the columns, the "maximum difference" is the largest difference

Accepted Answer

A)  in column percents in any row 
B)  in row percents in any column 
C)  between the marginals 
D)  between any two cell frequencies

Question 10

While ignoring the independent variable, we make 78 errors when predicting the dependent variable. When taking the independent into account, we reduce the number of errors to 43. Therefore

Accepted Answer

A)  the variables are not associated 
B)  the variables are associated 
C)  the independent variable is definitely a cause of the dependent variable 
D)  phi will be 0

Question 11

Like lambda and gamma, Spearmans' rho can be interpreted by the logic of

Accepted Answer

A)  proportional reduction in error 
B)  hypothesis sorting 
C)  critical ranking analysis 
D)  semi-proportionate elliptical probing

Question 12

In the case of a perfect association, predictions from one variable to another can be made

Accepted Answer

A)  only if variables are measured at the nominal level 
B)  when at least one variable is ordinal 
C)  without error 
D)  only if the relationship is positive

Question 13

For variables measured at the nominal level, measures of association will have a lower limit of _______ and an upper limit of _______

Accepted Answer

A)  0 … 100 
B)  - 1 … +1 
C)  0 … 1 
D)  1 … 0

Question 14

A researcher has computed a gamma of -0.45 between marital happiness and number of children. What can she conclude?

Accepted Answer

A)  families with more children are happier. This is a moderate relationship 
B)  children have a strong, positive influence on levels of marital happiness 
C)  there is a moderate, negative relationship between number of children and marital happiness 
D)  there is a weak, negative relationship between the variables

Question 15

Lambda compares the number of errors of prediction under two separate rules. In the first rule, the independent variable is

Accepted Answer

A)  ignored 
B)  squared 
C)  taken into account 
D)  expressed as a percentage

Question 16

When variables vary in opposite directions, the association between variables is said to be

Accepted Answer

A)  positive 
B)  neutral 
C)  contradictory 
D)  negative

Question 17

Gamma provides a summary measure of the

Accepted Answer

A)  existence of a bivariate relationship 
B)  strength of a relationship 
C)  direction of a relationship 
D)  all of the above

Question 18

For ordinal level variables with only a few categories or values, an appropriate measure of association would be

Accepted Answer

A)  Spearman's rho 
B)  Gamma 
C)  Chi square 
D)  Cramer's V

Question 19

A researcher tested the relationship between gender and support for assisted suicide ("death with dignity") and found a Cramer's V of 0.45. This relationship is

Accepted Answer

A)  strong 
B)  weak 
C)  positive 
D)  significant but not important

Question 20

"As the temperature rises, the crime rate increases."

Accepted Answer

A)  This is a positive relationship. 
B)  If the temperature falls below zero degrees, there is no crime 
C)  If the temperature would remain stable, the crime rate would stay the same 
D)  Criminals should be incarcerated in Alaska

Exam 11: Bivariate Association for Nominal- and Ordinal-Level Variables

For variables measured at the ordinal and interval-ratio levels, measures of association will have a lower limit of _ and an upper limit of __