Question 1

In an experiment, subjects were exposed to subliminally presented pictures paired with an electric shock. Researchers found that the subjects subsequently displayed signs of conditioned anxiety when the pictures were of

Accepted Answer

A)  flowers and mushrooms. 
B)  snakes and spiders. 
C)  Both a and b are correct. 
D)  Neither a nor b is correct.

Question 2

According to the _________ model of classical conditioning, a CS that has been repeatedly associated with the primary response (a-process) to a US will eventually come to elicit a compensatory response (b-process).

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the _________ model of classical...

Question 3

In the Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert, the rat was

Accepted Answer

A)  initially the CS. 
B)  initially an NS. 
C)  a US. 
D)  a UR.

Question 4

According to the stimulus-substitution model of conditioning, the

Accepted Answer

A)  CS acts as a substitute for the US. 
B)  CR becomes associated with the US. 
C)  UR acts as a substitute for the NS. 
D)  UR becomes associated with the US.

Question 5

Researchers have found that monkeys can develop fear reactions through observational learning when the feared object is a _____ event.

Accepted Answer

A)  fear-relevant 
B)  fear-irrelevant 
C)  Both a and b are correct. 
D)  None of the above are correct.

Question 6

Dilbert has a mild fear of darkness. During exam days, he finds that he becomes particularly fearful of going out for walks at night. Dilbert's behavior is best described as an example of _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  US revaluation 
B)  selective sensitization 
C)  incubation 
D)  preparedness

Question 7

Developing an aversion to lettuce and tomato sandwiches after imagining finding a spider in such a sandwich illustrates the treatment procedure known as _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  covert sensitization 
B)  imaginal desensitization 
C)  imaginal flooding 
D)  covert flooding

Question 8

A common saying goes that if you fall off a horse, you should immediately get back on and keep riding until your fear has disappeared. This approach is similar to the therapeutic technique known as _________. Furthermore, getting back on immediately allows no opportunity for brief exposures to the feared stimulus, which could result in _________ of the conditioned fear response.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A common saying goes that if you...

Question 9

Research revealed that patients who received chemotherapy in a hospital setting subsequently experienced a(n) _____ immune response when they visited the hospital again but did not receive chemotherapy. In this example, the _____ would be the US.

Accepted Answer

A)  enhanced; hospital 
B)  suppressed; hospital 
C)  enhanced; chemotherapy 
D)  suppressed; chemotherapy

Question 10

Describe how US revaluation can affect the acquisition of a phobia.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe how US revaluation can affect the...

Question 11

People acquire a fear of snakes easily as opposed to a fear of birds. This is an example of the effect of _____. Certain people acquire a fear of snakes more easily than other people do. This is an example of the effect of _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  preparedness; US revaluation 
B)  US revaluation; preparedness 
C)  temperament; preparedness 
D)  preparedness; temperament

Question 12

In the "Little Albert" experiment, the loud noise is to the white rat as a _____ is to a _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  CS; NS 
B)  US; CS 
C)  CS; US 
D)  UR; CS

Question 13

According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, the amount of conditioning that occurs:

Accepted Answer

A)  is unlimited. 
B)  is unaffected by the number of CSs. 
C)  is limited and must be distributed among the various CSs available. 
D)  Both a and b are correct.

Question 14

Diagram the sequence of events that Pavlov suggested occurred on a neurological level during a classically conditioned response of salivation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Diagram the sequence of events that Pavlov...

Question 15

I cannot be both angry and happy at the same time, which means that a good joke can often defuse my anger about something. This is an example of _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  counterpreparedness 
B)  reciprocal preparedness 
C)  covert conditioning 
D)  reciprocal inhibition

Question 16

The method of _____ involves pairing relaxation with a succession of stimuli that elicit increasing levels of fear.

Accepted Answer

A)  systematic desensitization 
B)  exposure and response prevention 
C)  flooding 
D)  implosive therapy

Question 17

In the context of phobic development, selective sensitization differs from US revaluation in that the event which intensifies an individual's fear response is

Accepted Answer

A)  unrelated to the original fear conditioning. 
B)  somehow involved in the original fear conditioning. 
C)  less salient than the original CS. 
D)  more salient than the original CS.

Question 18

The treatment method known as _____ involves reducing the attractiveness of a desired event by associating it with an unpleasant stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A)  systematic desensitization 
B)  flooding 
C)  aversion therapy 
D)  appetitive therapy

Question 19

The compensatory-response model of conditioning predicts that it will be easier for someone to quit smoking

Accepted Answer

A)  gradually. 
B)  suddenly. 
C)  in a smoking-related environment. 
D)  in an environment not related to smoking.

Question 20

Which of the following observations suggests that classical conditioning often underlies placebo effects?

Accepted Answer

A)  The effects are less likely to occur following a period of treatment with the real drug. 
B)  The repeated administration of the placebo by itself strengthens its effectiveness. 
C)  Both a and b are correct. 
D)  Neither a nor b is correct.

Exam 5: Classical Conditioning Underlying Processes in Classical Conditioning