Question 1

A dog in a classical conditioning experiment salivates to a continuous buzzer but not to a single bell ring. This is an example of ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) stimulus generalization 
B) partial reinforcement extinction effect 
C) secondary reinforcement 
D) stimulus discrimination

Question 2

Neural network models predict that the weaker the connection between two items, the ____ in connection strength when they are experienced together. ​

Accepted Answer

A) smaller the increase 
B) greater the decrease 
C) greater the increase 
D) smaller the decrease

Question 3

Jia is a bear trainer at the circus. She wants to teach Barney the bear to ride a unicycle. To do this, Jia first rewards Barney for sitting up. Then she rewards Barney only if he sits on the unicycle seat. Next she rewards him only for sitting on the unicycle seat and raising his paws toward the pedals and so on. By show time, Barney can ride the unicycle. This method is called ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) higher-order conditioning 
B) reconditioning 
C) shaping 
D) latent learning

Question 4

Carolyn knows a couple of tall people who happen to also be arrogant. Because of this, she tends to act negatively toward anyone who she sees as being tall. Carolyn's behavior is the result of ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) stimulus discrimination 
B) higher-order conditioning 
C) stimulus generalization 
D) avoidance conditioning

Question 5

Lavonne despises"new age" music. So, when Lavonne refuses to clean her room, her mother makes her stay in her room and plays new age music through the intercom. Her mother tells Lavonne that as soon as she finishes cleaning her room, the music will stop. This is an example of ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) punishment 
D) shaping

Question 6

Extinction will be most rapid after a history of ____ reinforcement.​

Accepted Answer

A) variable-ratio 
B) variable-interval 
C) fixed-ratio 
D) continuous

Question 7

Stephanie is studying her vocabulary words for German class. Each time she reads the German word and thinks of the English equivalent, she finds it easier to recall the meaning. Stephanie's experience is best explained by the role of ____. ​

Accepted Answer

A) classical conditioning 
B) operant conditioning 
C) neural networks 
D) latent learning

Question 8

Charlie Parker has been given several pairings of electric shock while listening to the Debbie Gibson song "Reverse Psychology," and thus, has been successfully conditioned to react with anxiety to the song. Now, instead of being paired with the shock, the song is paired with a flashing green light (a previously neutral stimulus). If Charlie still reacts with anxiety when the green light is flashed without the song, he will have ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) been shaped 
B) displayed higher-order conditioning 
C) displayed spontaneous conditioning 
D) successfully discriminated stimuli

Question 9

Which is the best example of vicarious conditioning? ​

Accepted Answer

A) After watching her friend, a smoker, die of cancer, Laura quits smoking. 
B) A chimpanzee stacks boxes and climbs them to reach a piece of fruit. 
C) Children act aggressively after watching a video of an aggressive adult. 
D) You remember the layout of Disney World, even though you haven't been there in five years.

Question 10

Gretchen absolutely loves going to school. Her teacher uses enjoyable teaching methods, such as small-group problem-solving tasks, discussion of mini-essays written in class, and short review sessions of the previous half hour of class. Gretchen's teacher is obviously taking a(n)____ approach. ​

Accepted Answer

A) identical elements 
B) formal discipline 
C) teaching machine 
D) active learning

Question 11

​Whenever Calvin throws his sister's doll in the toilet, his mother locks Calvin in his room. As soon as Calvin apologizes, his mother lets him out. Eventually, Calvin learns to apologize immediately, so that he can get out of his room sooner. Calvin is demonstrating ____.

Accepted Answer

A) punishment 
B) escape conditioning 
C) avoidance conditioning 
D) positive reinforcement

Question 12

Which statement about cultural differences in scholastic achievement is true? ​

Accepted Answer

A) The education community in the United States believes that the methods being used in this country are the best. 
B) The significance of cultural differences in learning and teaching is not yet clear. 
C) As early as first grade, U.S. students are already showing deficiencies in math skills when compared to Asian students. 
D) Any differences in achievement are probably inherent in the students and are not affected by classroom activities.

Question 13

Jerome tries to please his parents by always being good, but whenever Jerome's older brother, Tom, misbehave, their parents punish both Tom and Jerome. Jerome soon stops trying to please his parents because he doesn't think it will make any difference. This change in Jerome's behavior is an example of ____. ​

Accepted Answer

A) classical conditioning 
B) vicarious experience 
C) positive reinforcement 
D) learned helplessness

Question 14

Bart notices that his father, Homer, is usually in an agreeable mood after his mother, Marge, fixes him pork chops. However, Homer is quite grumpy after a meal of three-eyed fish. Bart has learned that it is much in his favor to ask Homer permission to do fun things on pork chop night and to avoid asking such questions when three-eyed fish is served. Bart is using the type of meal served as a ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) discriminative conditioned stimulus 
B) secondary reinforce 
C) vicarious experience 
D) negative reinforcement

Question 15

Ta'Nisha, a regular smoker, is trying to quit. When she goes to bars or outdoor cafes where others are smoking, she finds the craving for a cigarette too strong to resist. Simply by avoiding bars and cafes that allow smoking, Ta'Nisha has found it easier to quit smoking completely. This example uses principles of ____. ​

Accepted Answer

A) skill learning 
B) overlearning 
C) stimulus control 
D) punishment

Question 16

What kind of reinforcer is money?​

Accepted Answer

A) primary 
B) discriminative 
C) negative 
D) secondary

Question 17

Your knowledge of the word frog is made up of your knowledge of the four letters in that word, as well as all the frog knowledge you have, and any other froglike experiences. This best describes ____. ​

Accepted Answer

A) biopreparedness 
B) distributed memory 
C) linguistic aptitude 
D) stimulus control

Question 18

​Bill and Ben are about to have breakfast. Their mother asks Bill, "What would you like for breakfast?" Bill answers, "I would like some damn porridge." She slaps him, then turns to Ben and asks, "And what would you like?" Ben answers, "I don't really care, as long as it isn't any of that damn porridge!" Ben's misunderstanding highlights the importance of ____.

Accepted Answer

A) immediate and efficiently severe punishments 
B) children learning through imitation 
C) appropriate responses being identified and positively reinforced 
D) specifying why punishment is being administered

Question 19

Han is fearful of the powerful Jabba. Han becomes fearful when he hears Jabba's low voice, but also becomes fearful when he hears any low voice. What phenomenon best explains Han's tendency to become fearful when hearing any low voice?​

Accepted Answer

A) extinction 
B) reconditioning 
C) stimulus generalization 
D) stimulus discrimination

Question 20

​When administering punishment, it is least effective for the punishment to be ____.

Accepted Answer

A) salient and severe enough to eliminate the undesirable behavior 
B) accompanied by the identification and reinforcement of alternative, acceptable behaviors 
C) administered with some explanation for the punishment 
D) delayed, allowing the child to reflect on her behavior prior to punishment

Exam 5: Learning

A dog in a classical conditioning experiment salivates to a continuous buzzer but not to a single bell ring. This is an example of ____.

Neural network models predict that the weaker the connection between two items, the ____ in connection strength when they are experienced together.

Carolyn knows a couple of tall people who happen to also be arrogant. Because of this, she tends to act negatively toward anyone who she sees as being tall. Carolyn's behavior is the result of ____.

Lavonne despises"new age" music. So, when Lavonne refuses to clean her room, her mother makes her stay in her room and plays new age music through the intercom. Her mother tells Lavonne that as soon as she finishes cleaning her room, the music will stop. This is an example of ____.

Extinction will be most rapid after a history of ____ reinforcement.

Stephanie is studying her vocabulary words for German class. Each time she reads the German word and thinks of the English equivalent, she finds it easier to recall the meaning. Stephanie's experience is best explained by the role of ____.

Which is the best example of vicarious conditioning?

Gretchen absolutely loves going to school. Her teacher uses enjoyable teaching methods, such as small-group problem-solving tasks, discussion of mini-essays written in class, and short review sessions of the previous half hour of class. Gretchen's teacher is obviously taking a(n) ____ approach.

Whenever Calvin throws his sister's doll in the toilet, his mother locks Calvin in his room. As soon as Calvin apologizes, his mother lets him out. Eventually, Calvin learns to apologize immediately, so that he can get out of his room sooner. Calvin is demonstrating ____.

Which statement about cultural differences in scholastic achievement is true?

What kind of reinforcer is money?

Your knowledge of the word frog is made up of your knowledge of the four letters in that word, as well as all the frog knowledge you have, and any other froglike experiences. This best describes ____.

Han is fearful of the powerful Jabba. Han becomes fearful when he hears Jabba's low voice, but also becomes fearful when he hears any low voice. What phenomenon best explains Han's tendency to become fearful when hearing any low voice?

When administering punishment, it is least effective for the punishment to be ____.