Question 1

The conclusion that Columbus had reached a new continent instead of Asia was drawn by

Accepted Answer

A)   Columbus.
B)   Ferdinand and Isabella.
C)   Amerigo Vespucci.
D)   Martin Waldseemüller.
E)   Henry the Navigator. C

Question 2

Define the following terms: Tainos (Arawak)

Accepted Answer

The Tainos, also known as the Arawak, were an indigenous people of the Caribbean. They are believed to have originated in South America and migrated to the islands of the Caribbean Sea, where they were the principal inhabitants at the time of the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492. The Tainos were part of a larger group of Amerindian peoples known as the Arawakan-speaking peoples, who spoke a language belonging to the Arawakan language family.

The Tainos were divided into three main groups: the Classic Tainos, who lived in Hispaniola (modern-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and the Bahamas; the Western Tainos, who inhabited Cuba and the western part of Hispaniola; and the Eastern Tainos, who were found in the Lesser Antilles.

Taino society was organized into chiefdoms or cacicazgos, each ruled by a cacique or chief. Their culture was characterized by a subsistence economy based on agriculture, fishing, and gathering. They cultivated crops such as cassava (manioc), sweet potatoes, maize (corn), and various fruits. They were also skilled at crafting objects from wood, stone, bone, and shell, and they built large ceremonial centers, some of which included ball courts.

The Tainos are perhaps best known for their contributions to the world's food supply, with foods like cassava, sweet potatoes, and peppers originating from their agricultural practices. They also introduced the world to the hammock, the canoe, and the word "hurricane," which comes from their god of storms, Huracán.

Unfortunately, the arrival of Europeans led to a rapid decline in the Taino population, primarily due to diseases brought by the Europeans, against which the Tainos had no immunity, as well as harsh treatment and forced labor under Spanish rule. Despite this, Taino cultural elements have survived and are still present in the Caribbean today, and some people of the Caribbean still identify as Taino or of Taino descent.

Question 3

Which of the following did not aid in the Spanish transformation of New World culture?

Accepted Answer

A)   The belief by both the conquerors and the conquered that the changes had divine approval
B)   The adaptation of old pagan shrines to Christian worship
C)   The early establishment of universities
D)   Spanish respect for native culture
E)   The construction of European type cities and centers D

Question 4

Define the following terms: Silk Route

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Question 5

Define the following terms: Bartolomé de Las Casas

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Question 6

Define the following terms: Niger Delta

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Question 7

Describe the connections between Europe and the rest of the world on the eve of the age of exploration.

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Question 8

Define the following terms: encomienda

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Question 9

Define the following terms: Columbian Exchange

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Question 10

Discuss the civilizations of the Aztecs and the Incas when the Spanish first encountered them.

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Question 11

Referring to the chapter feature, "The Global Record: An Inca Nobleman Defends His Civilization," which of the following statements did Felipe Guaman Poma use in describing the actions and impact that Christianity had on his people?

Accepted Answer

A)   Priests lived under the same conditions as local villagers.
B)   Churches were important in protecting women from prostitution.
C)   As court officials, Christian priests destroyed individuals and whole villages.
D)   Native women widows were saved from slave labor.
E)   Native peoples saw the life of Saint Peter in the lifestyle and actions of local priests.

Question 12

Define the following terms: Prince Henry "the Navigator"

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Question 13

Define the following terms: Zhang He

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Question 14

Define the following terms: Doña Marina

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Question 15

Use the map (or maps) referenced in each question for your answer. On Map 13.2, find the Azores, Cape Verde, and the Canary Islands. Which were colonized by the Portuguese? Which are closest to South America? Locate the route of Vasco da Gama to India and of Magellan's ships around the world.

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Question 16

Define the following terms: Aztecs

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Question 17

Define the following terms: astrolabe

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Question 18

The Columbian Exchange was

Accepted Answer

A)   the new foreign exchange rate based on Peruvian silver.
B)   the spread of syphilis to the New World and of smallpox and measles from the New World to the Old.
C)   a term used to describe the massive introduction of Africans into the New World.
D)   the division of the American colonies between Spain and Portugal.
E)   the interchange of diseases, plants, animals, and some cultural elements between the Old and New Worlds.

Question 19

Caravan routes and trade networks were closed to Europeans in the fourteenth century because of

Accepted Answer

A)   conversion of the Mongols to Islam and the rise of the Ottomans.
B)   the Black Death.
C)   a series of earthquakes in central Asia that closed the roads.
D)   the refusal of European rulers to allow merchants to travel to the East.
E)   the Crusades.

Question 20

Use the map (or maps) referenced in each question for your answer. What do the winds and currents shown in Map 13.1 tell you about the easiest ways for fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Europeans to reach the Americas? Why were the Caribbean and South American regions visited before North America?

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