Given a Symptom, Managers Assume That Certain Causes Are at Fault

Multiple Choice

Given a symptom, managers assume that certain causes are at fault. Consequences are assumed to result from each decision alternative specified. Research is NOT needed when:

A) managers know what the causes are
B) managers know what the symptoms are
C) managers are uncertain about these assumptions
D) managers are certain about these assumptions
E) managers are uncertain about the symptoms