Question 1

Swanson and Hoskyn's meta-analysis of the effectiveness of interventions for learning disabilities found that

Accepted Answer

A)  direct instruction was the most effective.
B)  strategy instruction was the most effective.
C)  the combination of direct instruction and strategy instruction was the most effective.
D)  adding direct instruction to strategy instruction did not increase effectiveness. C

Question 2

The pragmatics of a language refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  meanings of the language.
B)  the sounds of the language and rules for combining them.
C)  the use of the language in a social context.
D)  the organization of words into phrases and sentences. C

Question 3

Describe the theories underlying language impairments (information-processing model, auditory processing, verbal, short, and working memory).

Accepted Answer

Language impairments can be understood through various theoretical frameworks, including the information-processing model, auditory processing, and different aspects of memory such as verbal, short-term, and working memory.

The information-processing model suggests that language impairments may stem from difficulties in the way individuals process and interpret linguistic information. This could include challenges in encoding, storing, and retrieving language-based information, leading to difficulties in comprehension, production, and overall language use.

Auditory processing theory focuses on the role of auditory perception in language impairments. It suggests that individuals with language impairments may struggle to accurately perceive and process auditory information, leading to difficulties in understanding and producing speech sounds, discriminating between similar sounds, and comprehending spoken language.

Verbal memory theory suggests that language impairments may be related to difficulties in storing and retrieving verbal information. This could manifest as challenges in remembering and using vocabulary, recalling grammatical structures, and maintaining coherent discourse.

Short-term memory theory posits that language impairments may be linked to limitations in the capacity and duration of short-term memory, which can impact the ability to hold and manipulate linguistic information for immediate use, such as following multi-step directions or retaining information during conversation.

Working memory theory suggests that language impairments may be associated with difficulties in the active manipulation and processing of linguistic information. This could affect the ability to maintain and update information in real-time, leading to challenges in tasks such as comprehending complex sentences, understanding ambiguous language, and following instructions.

Overall, these theoretical frameworks provide valuable insights into the underlying cognitive processes that may contribute to language impairments, and they can inform the development of effective interventions and support strategies for individuals with these challenges.

Question 4

The heritability rate of reading disorders has been estimated at .60.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Overall, children with learning disabilities tend to perform ____ on tests of general intelligence.

Accepted Answer

A)  Markedly below average
B)  In the low average range
C)  In the high average range
D)  Markedly above average

Question 6

The male to female ratio for reading disability diagnosis in clinic samples is 3 or 4 to 1.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Data from behavior genetic studies indicate that environmental influences on language and learning disorders are unlikely.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Review the methods for identifying learning problems (IQ-Achievement Discrepancy, Below Average Achievement, and RTI). What are the problems with each approach?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Review the methods for identifying learning problems...

Question 9

Although direct instruction has been shown to be effective in treating learning disorders, cognitive approaches have been shown to be surprisingly ineffective.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

A major criticism of excluding children from being diagnosed with learning disabilities on the basis of primary emotional disturbance or economic disadvantage is that

Accepted Answer

A)  these children may create problems for students in the general education classroom.
B)  it is clearly a way that the government avoids paying more for special education.
C)  it is often difficult to determine whether these other factors lead to learning disabilities or vice versa.
D)  these children need the label in order to receive benefits or services.

Question 11

How are learning disabilities being handled in the educational system? Consider controversies about special education, appropriate educational settings, and inclusion.

Accepted Answer

The answer of How are learning disabilities being handled in...

Question 12

Investigations of reading, especially of learning to read, emphasize the critical role of

Accepted Answer

A)  syntax.
B)  phonological processing.
C)  pragmatics.
D)  semantic processing.

Question 13

Which of the following is true regarding math disabilities?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children with math disabilities are well researched.
B)  Math disabilities co-occur with reading disabilities about 10% of the time.
C)  The acquisition of arithmetic skills is highly sensitive to the quality of instruction in the classroom.
D)  Math disabilities are the least likely of all disabilities to persist into adulthood

Question 14

There is little variability in how states implement Response to Intervention programs.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

List and describe the areas of assessment proposed by Taylor (1989).

Accepted Answer

The answer of List and describe the areas of assessment...

Question 16

Phonological deficits are evident in all cases of reading disability.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Study habits, motivation, and self-esteem are important factors when evaluating a student for language or learning disorders.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

The concept of inclusion as applied to youngsters with disabilities argues that children are best educated in

Accepted Answer

A)  educational settings best matched to their specific needs.
B)  resource rooms.
C)  general education classrooms.
D)  educational settings that have special education teachers.

Question 19

Assessment of learning disabilities

Accepted Answer

A)  usually occurs in mental health clinics and hospitals.
B)  usually occurs by preschool age.
C)  requires a battery of tests to evaluate general intelligence and specific academic skills and achievements.
D)  typically has placed the most emphasis on evaluating the child's motivation and social environment.

Question 20

The Education for All Handicapped Children Act was enacted in what year?

Accepted Answer

A)  1975
B)  1985
C)  1960
D)  1965

Exam 10: Language and Learning Disorders

Swanson and Hoskyn's meta-analysis of the effectiveness of interventions for learning disabilities found that

The pragmatics of a language refers to

Describe the theories underlying language impairments (information-processing model, auditory processing, verbal, short, and working memory).

The heritability rate of reading disorders has been estimated at .60.

Overall, children with learning disabilities tend to perform ____ on tests of general intelligence.

The male to female ratio for reading disability diagnosis in clinic samples is 3 or 4 to 1.

Data from behavior genetic studies indicate that environmental influences on language and learning disorders are unlikely.

Review the methods for identifying learning problems (IQ-Achievement Discrepancy, Below Average Achievement, and RTI). What are the problems with each approach?

Although direct instruction has been shown to be effective in treating learning disorders, cognitive approaches have been shown to be surprisingly ineffective.

A major criticism of excluding children from being diagnosed with learning disabilities on the basis of primary emotional disturbance or economic disadvantage is that

How are learning disabilities being handled in the educational system? Consider controversies about special education, appropriate educational settings, and inclusion.

Investigations of reading, especially of learning to read, emphasize the critical role of

Which of the following is true regarding math disabilities?

There is little variability in how states implement Response to Intervention programs.

List and describe the areas of assessment proposed by Taylor (1989).

Phonological deficits are evident in all cases of reading disability.

Study habits, motivation, and self-esteem are important factors when evaluating a student for language or learning disorders.

The concept of inclusion as applied to youngsters with disabilities argues that children are best educated in

Assessment of learning disabilities

The Education for All Handicapped Children Act was enacted in what year?