Question 1

What are semantic memories? Provide an example of one.

Accepted Answer

Semantic memory consists of specific details, facts, and knowledge about the world
Semantic memory can contain abstract or culturally-specific knowledge

Question 2

A fixed ratio schedule applies reinforcement after a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)   known and specific timeframe.
B)   unknown amount of time.
C)   unknown number of responses.
D)   specific number of responses. D

Question 3

Information must proceed through the stages in the information processing model to make it into a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)   choice criterion.
B)   long-term memory.
C)   operant condition.
D)   neutral operant. B

Question 4

_______ refers to how information enters the memory.

Accepted Answer

A)   Exposure
B)   Retrieval
C)   Focus
D)   Encoding

Question 5

What is the difference between sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the difference between sensory memory,...

Question 6

Which type of conditioning occurs when two conditioned stimuli are paired?

Accepted Answer

A)   First-order
B)   Episodic
C)   Higher-order
D)   Operant

Question 7

Which strategy helps an individual group together similar or meaningful pieces of information?

Accepted Answer

A)   Reinforcement
B)   Chunking
C)   Acceptance
D)   Retention

Question 8

What are episodic memories and why do advertisers sometimes use them in advertisements?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are episodic memories and why do...

Question 9

Sensory moments are fleeting because

Accepted Answer

A)   no attention or interpretation occurs.
B)   they are not personally relevant.
C)   they can be negative or confusing.
D)   no information is present.

Question 10

Which of the following provides an example of classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)   An individual learns a connection between two stimuli that are paired with one another.
B)   An individual decides to reduce their overall level of consumption.
C)   An individual's behavior is changed through reinforcement that follows a desired response.
D)   An individual learns by modeling the behaviors of those around them.

Question 11

Information processing provides details about the processes involved in information

Accepted Answer

A)   passing off, conditioning, and chunking.
B)   exposure, adaptation, and selection.
C)   interpretation, storage, and retrieval.
D)   stimulus, closure, and attention.

Question 12

Observational learning is also known as

Accepted Answer

A)   positive reinforcement.
B)   social learning theory.
C)   higher-order conditioning.
D)   stimulus discrimination.

Question 13

Potentially, how long can long-term memory store information?

Accepted Answer

A)   15 months
B)   50 years
C)   20 years
D)   Forever

Question 14

Which type of conditioning occurs when an individual's behavior is changed through reinforcement that follows a desired response?

Accepted Answer

A)   Higher-order
B)   Episodic
C)   Operant
D)   First-order

Question 15

_______ requires the memory to retrieve information by experiencing it again.

Accepted Answer

A)   Relearning
B)   Recollection
C)   Retention
D)   Recognition

Question 16

Marketers that want consumers to intentionally forget information that is no longer useful may want to use

Accepted Answer

A)   passing off.
B)   proactive interference.
C)   engrams.
D)   retroactive interference.

Question 17

Why do individuals engage in strategic memory protection?

Accepted Answer

A)   To make sure that their friends and loved ones share the same memories
B)   To avoid information that is not easy to comprehend and encode
C)   To make sure their important memories remain as accurate as possible
D)   To interpret and understand the meaning of new and confusing information

Question 18

According to the behavioral learning approach,

Accepted Answer

A)   learning is a process of mental activity and deliberation.
B)   a behavior is learned when we watch what other people do.
C)   information processing relies entirely on mental processes.
D)   learning happens without any complex thoughts or processes.

Question 19

How can insight derived from classical conditioning be used to make the best use of celebrity endorsers in advertising? What are the pros and cons associated to using classical conditioning to help consumers connect a celebrity to a brand?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How can insight derived from classical conditioning...

Question 20

The _______ view of learning proposes that a consumer's previous experiences with a stimulus will result in automatic responses the next time the consumer encounters that stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A)   emotive
B)   observational
C)   behavioral
D)   cognitive

Exam 5: Learning and Memory