Question 1

Institutions that make policy and own land most likely would not include

Accepted Answer

A)  educational institutions. 
B)  international agencies. 
C)  non-governmental organizations. 
D)  federal government. 
E)  corporations.

Question 2

Environmental policy is made by

Accepted Answer

A)  the United Nations. 
B)  the Audubon Society. 
C)  religious organizations. 
D)  citizens' groups. 
E)  All of the above

Question 3

Transforming knowledge into public practice is called

Accepted Answer

A)  decision making. 
B)  the law. 
C)  policy making. 
D)  institutionalization. 
E)  conscription.

Question 4

What is sensitivity analysis in the context of uncertainty?

Accepted Answer

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Question 5

If population viability analysis reveals that a species is at risk, appropriate response measures would include

Accepted Answer

A)  reintroduction of the species into impacted areas. 
B)  prescribed burning to remove competition or enhance survival. 
C)  captive breeding to increase numbers. 
D)  restoration of disturbed or destroyed habitats. 
E)  All of the above

Question 6

Could population viability analysis be used to determine the impact of hunting on the long-term population trends of a threatened species of deer? Explain.

Accepted Answer

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Question 7

The process in which a model is run many times with different combinations of low and high values of each experimental parameter to help account for uncertainty in parameter values is called

Accepted Answer

A)  sensitivity analysis. 
B)  iterative digression. 
C)  risk assessment. 
D)  scenario building. 
E)  modeling.

Question 8

Computer models are a critical part of population viability analysis because

Accepted Answer

A)  modeling is better than collecting data. 
B)  field data can be imprecise, and computers are highly precise. 
C)  computer models can predict the future with uncanny accuracy. 
D)  although computer modeling is more expensive than data collection, it allows the scientists to work more efficiently. 
E)  PVA requires projecting what will happen in the future, and computer models are the best approach.

Question 9

Policy from non-governmental organizations

Accepted Answer

A)  are general in nature and tend to avoid specific issues. 
B)  are not bound by the requirement of a consensus among their members. 
C)  attempt to influence governing bodies through the use of lobbying and media. 
D)  focus too broadly . 
E)  discourage environmental research.

Question 10

The first step in population viability analysis is

Accepted Answer

A)  determining the species of animals that people value most and focus on protecting them. 
B)  asking the question, "Is this species threatened?". 
C)  building a conceptual model as the foundation for a computer simulation. 
D)  running scenarios. 
E)  filling in data gaps with using data from similar or related species.

Question 11

Explain how the graph below can be used in risk analysis.

Accepted Answer

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Question 12

Explain how religious institutions and educational institutions are similar in their goals and contributions in developing environmental policy despite different basic missions.

Accepted Answer

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Question 13

Policy from the media

Accepted Answer

A)  often is motivated by economic rewards. 
B)  is openly accepted by all sides of most issues. 
C)  includes broad enforcement power. 
D)  tends to make even the most simple concepts far too complex. 
E)  is limited by the lack of an audience.

Question 14

A new law will impose fines for any industry in violation of revised air emission standards. Explain the analysis that a company in this industry might make to determine whether or not they will comply with the new standards.

Accepted Answer

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Question 15

The basic goal of risk assessment is to

Accepted Answer

A)  minimize adverse effects. 
B)  minimize benefits. 
C)  predict the occurrence of an accident. 
D)  generate ecological regulations. 
E)  All of the above

Question 16

Impact assessment includes all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  decomposing the uncertainty in data to sets of assumptions. 
B)  comparing risks with and without sets of assumptions. 
C)  finding means to determine relative risk. 
D)  establishing high, low, and medium groups of vital rates. 
E)  determining the absolute risk.

Exam 14: Policy, Ethics, and Decision-Making