Question 1

Explain how opportunities for victimization differ across domains of activity. Use specific examples to support your answer and explain how the triad of motivated offenders, suitable targets, and guardianship changes by domain.

Accepted Answer

Opportunities for victimization can differ across domains of activity due to variations in the presence of motivated offenders, suitable targets, and guardianship. These three factors, known as the "crime triangle," interact differently depending on the specific context in which they occur.

For example, in the domain of street crime, such as muggings or robberies, motivated offenders may be more prevalent in areas with high poverty and unemployment rates. Suitable targets in this domain may include individuals who are visibly carrying valuable items, such as smartphones or jewelry. Guardianship in this context may be limited, as there may be fewer law enforcement officers or security personnel present to deter potential offenders.

In contrast, opportunities for victimization in the domain of cybercrime differ significantly. Motivated offenders in this domain may include hackers or scammers who exploit vulnerabilities in online systems. Suitable targets may be individuals who are not well-versed in cybersecurity measures and may fall victim to phishing scams or malware attacks. Guardianship in the cyber domain may involve the presence of antivirus software or cybersecurity professionals who work to protect individuals and organizations from online threats.

In the domain of domestic violence, motivated offenders may include intimate partners who use physical or emotional abuse to exert power and control over their victims. Suitable targets in this context may be individuals who are economically dependent on their abusers or who lack a strong support network. Guardianship in this domain may involve the presence of shelters or support services for victims of domestic violence.

Overall, the triad of motivated offenders, suitable targets, and guardianship changes by domain, leading to variations in opportunities for victimization. Understanding these differences is crucial for developing effective crime prevention strategies tailored to specific contexts.

Question 2

Domains produce different opportunities for victimization because of differences in the quantities of __________, __________, and _________ present within them.

Accepted Answer

A)   Offenders, targets, guardianship.
B)   Males, females, children.
C)   Weapons, law enforcement, motivation.
D)   Managers, employees, shopping carts. A

Question 3

Data indicate that the sexual victimization of college students by other students is _______, but that reporting of these crimes to law enforcement or campus authorities is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   Low; high.
B)   High; low.
C)   Stable; low.
D)   Low; stable. B

Question 4

Does a valid and reliable estimate of the extent of any type of cybercrime victimization against individuals and/or businesses/organizations exist? Explain why or why not. Provide examples to highlight your point.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Does a valid and reliable estimate of...

Question 5

State and describe at least three differences between bullying victimization and cyberbullying victimization.

Accepted Answer

The answer of State and describe at least three differences...

Question 6

Precursors to victimization in the workplace include _____________.

Accepted Answer

A)   Lack of workplace leadership.
B)   Weak or no policies outlining unacceptable behaviors.
C)   The organization's culture.
D)   Group dynamics in which bullying perpetuates more bullying.
E)   All of the above are precursors of victimization in the workplace.

Question 7

Sexual harassment is defined as _____________.

Accepted Answer

A)   Aggressive behavior toward managers.
B)   Nonconsensual sex between strangers.
C)   Any harassment of a sexual nature.
D)   Nominating a co-worker for a performance award.
E)   None of the above.

Question 8

Jails and prisons are unique domains of victimization opportunity because they _____________.

Accepted Answer

A)   Have an interesting dynamic related to the permanent presence of onsite guardians.
B)   Contain a smaller population than schools or colleges.
C)   Have many potentially motivated offenders.
D)   Have many potential victims.
E)   All of the above are unique characteristics of this domain.

Question 9

Workplace violence includes the following four categories.

Accepted Answer

A)   Fear-based violence; aggressive rumor spreading; vandalism of the workplace; executive-on-executive violence.
B)   Violence based on criminal intent; customer/client violence; worker-on-worker violence; personal relationship violence.
C)   Sexual harassment; verbal aggression; physical bullying; lifestyle-based violence.
D)   Firearms violence; strong-arm tactics; knife violence; vehicular violence.

Question 10

Which of the following is not a type of bullying?

Accepted Answer

A)   Racial bullying.
B)   Verbal bullying.
C)   Relational bullying.
D)   Animal bullying.
E)   A and BF)  B and C

Question 11

The college/university campus domain decreases the risk for sexual victimization against female college students.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Being at one's place of employment necessarily increases one's victimization risk, whereas the duties and tasks performed at work do not affect one's risk of victimization.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

The acceptance of rape myths may lead more students to _____________.

Accepted Answer

A)   Not label sexual intercourse without consent as rape.
B)   Not take self-defense classes.
C)   Perpetuate sexual violence against women.
D)   Fight against sexual assault on campus.
E)   A and CF)  B and D

Question 14

Workplace aggression is defined as _____________.

Accepted Answer

A)   Behavior intended to physically or psychologically harm a worker or workers in a work-related context.
B)   Actions that impair a worker's ability to do his/her job successfully.
C)   When you have taken the day off from your job to attend a sports game and your team loses in extra innings.
D)   Activities that jeopardize workers' safety by placing them in close proximity to toxic chemicals and unsafe machinery.

Question 15

Which of the following is not a behavior that can facilitate opportunities for victimization among college students?

Accepted Answer

A)   Viewing pornography.
B)   Engaging in unprotected sex.
C)   Binge drinking.
D)   Studying by oneself in a locked library study room.
E)   Taking illegal drugs.

Question 16

All online victimizations are either __________ or _________.

Accepted Answer

A)   Credit card based; social security card based.
B)   On social networking sites; on home network shopping sites.
C)   Known to the victim; unknown to the offender.
D)   Person based; property based.
E)   None of the above.

Question 17

Which of the following is not an example of workplace bullying?

Accepted Answer

A)   Criticisms of work quality.
B)   Destabilization.
C)   Isolation.
D)   Customers' compliments.
E)   None of the above.

Question 18

Which of the following is an important component of bullying?

Accepted Answer

A)   The victim is exposed to unwanted negative attention.
B)   The behavior experienced is repeated.
C)   There is a power imbalance between the victim and the offender.
D)   All of the above are important components of bullying.

Question 19

According to the National Inmate Survey (NIS), inmates with which of the following characteristics are at higher risk for sexual victimization?

Accepted Answer

A)   Whites or those of two or more races.
B)   Juveniles.
C)   Those without college degrees.
D)   Individuals who are underweight.
E)   A and BF)  C and D

Question 20

A domain is an area of activity. Which of the following does not represent a domain?

Accepted Answer

A)   Happy Valley High School.
B)   Facebook.
C)   Woodland State Penitentiary.
D)   Idaho.
E)   A and CF)  B and D

Exam 8: Domain-Specific Opportunities for Victimization