Question 1

Which of the following advancements to opportunity theory were made by fourth-generation victimologists?

Accepted Answer

A)   Gender-based opportunity frameworks.
B)   Feminist opportunity perspective.
C)   Age-graded opportunity theory.
D)   Accounting for the physical and temporal separation of offenders and victims.
E)   None of the above.F)  All of the above are advancements made by fourth-generation victimologists. F

Question 2

According to ___________, offenders have a __________ to take advantage of opportunities for criminal behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)   Lifestyle-routine activity theory; learned skill.
B)   General theory of crime; passion.
C)   General theory of crime; propensity.
D)   Broken windows theory; compulsion. C

Question 3

Explain how gendered lifestyles and routine activities can influence the risk of being victimized. Use examples for each gender to support your argument.

Accepted Answer

Gendered lifestyles and routine activities can influence the risk of being victimized in several ways. For example, women are often socialized to be more cautious and to avoid risky situations, which can lead them to take different routes or avoid certain areas at night. This can reduce their risk of being victimized, as they are less likely to encounter potential perpetrators. On the other hand, men are often socialized to be more adventurous and to take risks, which can lead them to engage in activities that put them at a higher risk of victimization, such as walking alone in dangerous areas or getting involved in physical altercations.

Additionally, gendered roles and expectations can also influence the risk of victimization. For example, women are more likely to be victimized by intimate partners or family members, while men are more likely to be victimized by strangers. This is due to the traditional gender roles that place women in the domestic sphere and men in the public sphere, leading to different patterns of victimization for each gender.

Furthermore, societal attitudes towards gender can also play a role in influencing the risk of victimization. For example, women may be more likely to experience sexual harassment or assault in environments where gender inequality is prevalent, such as in the workplace or in social settings. On the other hand, men may be more likely to experience violence or aggression in environments where masculinity is highly valued, such as in sports or in certain social groups.

Overall, gendered lifestyles and routine activities can significantly influence the risk of being victimized, and it is important to consider these factors when addressing and preventing victimization. By understanding the ways in which gender can impact the risk of victimization, we can work towards creating safer environments for everyone, regardless of their gender.

Question 4

If victims and offenders possess similar characteristics, then low self-control should be able to explain _____________.

Accepted Answer

A)   How offenses are committed without specialized techniques.
B)   Why individuals offend and why they are victimized.
C)   Whether offenders will alter their level of motivation.
D)   When offenders will stop committing crimes.

Question 5

Life course criminologists investigate the possible effect of _______ on experiencing victimization.

Accepted Answer

A)   Unpleasant relationships.
B)   Genetic influences.
C)   Rainy days.
D)   Food allergies.

Question 6

Offenders make calculations about risks and rewards _____________.

Accepted Answer

A)   When choosing which technique to use.
B)   Infrequently across the life course.
C)   At many points during the crime process.
D)   When they decide to engage in crime.

Question 7

Which of the following is not an approach of gender-based lifestyles-routine activity research?

Accepted Answer

A)   Consideration of whether gender gaps in victimization are driven by differences in men's and women's lifestyles.
B)   Explaining how victimization is related to biological differences between men and women.
C)   Examining the interaction effects that gender has with certain lifestyles and routines.
D)   Conceptualizing gender as an element of target attractiveness.
E)   None of the above.

Question 8

According to control balance theory, deviant acts are a consequence of _____________.

Accepted Answer

A)   Weak or absent constraints on behavior.
B)   Strong desires for wealth.
C)   Societal strain.
D)   Poor parenting.
E)   All of the above are related to deviant acts.

Question 9

Which of the following is an accurate example of the gender gap in victimization?

Accepted Answer

A)   Men and women are victimized at equal rates.
B)   Young adults are victimized more often than elders.
C)   Women generally have higher victimization rates than men.
D)   Men generally have higher victimization rates than women.

Question 10

Which is the best definition of hot spots?

Accepted Answer

A)   Areas with high temperatures and high crime rates.
B)   Places where crime and victimization are absent.
C)   The opponent's net where Messi and Ronaldo scored futbol goals during the 2014 FIFA Men's World Cup.
D)   Physical locations where crime and victimization concentrate.

Question 11

Feminist schools define "patriarchal society" as _____________.

Accepted Answer

A)   Women dominate and men are submissive to women.
B)   Men dominate and women are submissive to men.
C)   Children dominate and adults are submissive to children.
D)   Adults dominate and children are submissive to adults.

Question 12

According to control balance theory, people with control deficits are ______; people with control surpluses are _______.

Accepted Answer

A)   Fighting for control; losing control.
B)   Being controlled; exerting control.
C)   Striving for control; relinquishing control.
D)   Shunning control; purchasing control.

Question 13

Which of the following is true according to the age-graded theory of social control?

Accepted Answer

A)   Senior citizens have the highest rate of victimization across all types of crimes.
B)   Different stages of the life course are associated with different criminal techniques.
C)   Criminal motivation is stable across different developmental stages.
D)   Reasons for delinquent and criminal behaviors vary across developmental stages.
E)   C and DF)  All of the above are true according to the age-graded theory of social control.

Question 14

Cyberlifestyles-routine activity theory explains how the opportunity perspective can be adapted to explain __________ in which the contact between the offender and the victim is _______.

Accepted Answer

A)   Victimization; sporadic.
B)   Victimization; indirect.
C)   Offending; indirect.
D)   Victimization; severe.

Question 15

Which of the following is not part of the environmental criminology perspective?

Accepted Answer

A)   Rational choice theory.
B)   Control balance theory.
C)   Crime pattern theory.
D)   Routine activities theory.
E)   None of the above.

Question 16

Which of the following is not a dimension of self-control?

Accepted Answer

A)   Risk seeking.
B)   Temper.
C)   Physical activity.
D)   Simple tasks.
E)   A and DF)  All of the above are dimensions of self-control.

Question 17

According to crime pattern theory, offenders _____________.

Accepted Answer

A)   Have daily routine activities that structure their search for crime.
B)   Make decisions about how many people to victimize per day by looking at the weather forecast.
C)   Spend a lot of time watching Judge Judy while in jail and prison.
D)   Are motivated to commit crime because of the amount of strain in their lives.
E)   All of the above are true according to crime pattern theory.

Question 18

The age-graded routine activities perspective highlights _____________.

Accepted Answer

A)   Trends in criminal offending among senior citizens.
B)   The victim-offender overlap in different age groups.
C)   Changes in motivation from one developmental stage to another.
D)   Differences in behaviors across developmental stages of the life course.

Question 19

Explain how the feminist perspective has incorporated the key concepts of routine activities theory to explain sexual victimization, especially of women. Assess the usefulness of feminist routine activities theory to explain opportunity for sexual victimization to occur.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain how the feminist perspective has incorporated...

Question 20

The victim-offender overlap implies which relationship?

Accepted Answer

A)   Victims and offenders often behave similarly.
B)   Victims and offenders tend to associate closely with one another.
C)   Victims and offenders usually have family connections.
D)   Victims and offenders interact through the criminal justice system.
E)   All of the above are implied by the victim-offender overlap.

Exam 3: Contemporary Theories of Victimization