Question 1

Why is the bidirectional response test the ideal test for demonstrating conditioned inhibition?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why is the bidirectional response test the...

Question 2

The suppression ratio used in conditioned suppression preparations involves a comparison between the rate of responding during the _______ and the total rate of responding _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  CS; during the CS and an equal time period just prior to the CS 
B)  CS; during the CS and US 
C)  CS; during the US 
D)  CS; when the CS is absent

Question 3

Refer to the scenario below to answer the questions that follow.
While you are stopped at a traffic light and listening to a new song on the radio, you are rear-ended by the driver behind you. You suffer mild whiplash and minor bruising, and you are terribly frightened by the accident. Weeks later, you still get anxious whenever you hear the song that was on the radio at the time of the accident.
-From a classical conditioning perspective, the car that hit you would be the

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditional stimulus. 
B)  unconditional response. 
C)  conditional stimulus. 
D)  conditional response.

Question 4

An animal trainer teaching a dog a trick that requires it to disobey a specific verbal command (inhibit the tendency to respond) first teaches the dog to obey the command. Then he teaches the dog to disobey the command when he cocks his head to the right. The trainer is applying _______ inhibition.

Accepted Answer

A)  differential 
B)  conditioned 
C)  backward 
D)  explicitly unpaired

Question 5

Which statement about classical conditioning preparations is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Some of the most important conditioning phenomena were discovered and investigated using eyeblink conditioning. 
B)  When a stimulus used in operant conditioning is similar to the sign stimulus, rapid operant conditioning may be mistaken for what is actually sign tracking. 
C)  Conditioned suppression is one of the simplest types of responses and has been used to identify the neurological basis of learning. 
D)  Taste aversion learning only occurs in humans shortly after they've eaten something that makes them ill and they can't rule out other reasons for becoming ill.

Question 6

How can an extinguished CS have inhibition if it does not pass a summation test?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How can an extinguished CS have inhibition...

Question 7

In a positive contingency the CS predicts _______, whereas in a negative contingency the CS predicts _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  a pleasant US; an aversive US 
B)  a pleasant US; no US 
C)  a pleasant or aversive US; no US 
D)  a pleasant or aversive US; nothing

Question 8

Preexposing a CS _______ to the CS.

Accepted Answer

A)  has no effect on the subject's tendency to pay attention 
B)  increases the subject's tendency to pay attention 
C)  decreases the subject's tendency to pay attention 
D)  creates a strong inhibitory response

Question 9

CS-only and US-only control groups are often run as part of a classical conditioning experiment to demonstrate

Accepted Answer

A)  the effects of spaced versus massed trial training procedures. 
B)  the effects of CS or US preexposure. 
C)  the difference between classical conditioning, pseudoconditioning, and sensitization. 
D)  latent inhibition.

Question 10

You want to study the effects of distractors on conditioned responding, and you want to establish a conditioned response as quickly as possible. What features must be part of the study in order to make the conditioning occur as rapidly as possible?

Accepted Answer

The answer of You want to study the effects of...

Question 11

In the summation test for conditioned inhibition, the researcher pairs a presumed conditioned inhibitor with _______ and then measures the amount of _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  a known conditioned inhibitor; inhibition 
B)  a novel stimulus; response change 
C)  a known conditioned excitor; response change 
D)  an operant response; suppression

Question 12

A negative contingency is a situation in which

Accepted Answer

A)  neither a CS nor a US will occur. 
B)  a CS but not a US will occur. 
C)  a US will occur during the presentation of the CS as well as when the CS is absent. 
D)  a CS is paired with an aversive US.

Question 13

The unconditional stimulus is typically

Accepted Answer

A)  initially neutral, but later significant. 
B)  biologically significant to the organism. 
C)  the basis of generalization, which is unlearned. 
D)  the stimulus that predicts the conditional stimulus.

Question 14

In most conditioning studies,

Accepted Answer

A)  there are only a few stimuli present that could potentially enter into the developing associative relationship. 
B)  there are a variety of stimuli present that could potentially enter into the developing associative relationship. 
C)  there are a variety of stimuli present, but the researcher prevents irrelevant stimuli from entering into the developing associative relationship. 
D)  the researcher eliminates all irrelevant stimuli and exposes the subject to only the relevant stimuli.

Question 15

Describe two ways in which a stimulus can come to elicit fear without ever being paired with a fear-inducing US.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe two ways in which a stimulus...

Question 16

What is the CS "preexposure effect," and why should that term be preferred over the term "latent inhibition"?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the CS "preexposure effect," and...

Question 17

Preexposure of a CS or US typically

Accepted Answer

A)  slows classical conditioning. 
B)  produces inhibition. 
C)  produces excitation. 
D)  has no effect on conditioning.

Question 18

In the standard eyeblink conditioning preparation in rabbits, the eyeblink is the

Accepted Answer

A)  US. 
B)  UR. 
C)  CR. 
D)  UR and the CR.

Question 19

A researcher has divided his research subjects into two groups. For one group, the CS is 10 seconds long and signals a brief US at the end of the procedure. The time between trials is 30 seconds. In another group, the CS is 2 seconds long with a brief US at its end, and the time between trials is 6 seconds. You expect the

Accepted Answer

A)  second group to condition more rapidly because the intervals between trials are shorter. 
B)  first group to condition more rapidly because the intervals between trials are longer. 
C)  two groups to condition at more or less the same pace. 
D)  second group to condition more rapidly because it is exposed to a longer interstimulus interval.

Question 20

Which of the following features of standard eyeblink conditioning in rabbits does not contribute to the general appeal of this conditioning preparation to researchers?

Accepted Answer

A)  The eyeblink is a much simpler type of response than the one found in most other conditioning preparations. 
B)  Researchers have extensive knowledge regarding the variables that affect eyeblink in rabbits. 
C)  Eyeblink can be used to study the neural basis of conditioning and learning. 
D)  Researchers can use pleasant or aversive USs to elicit the eyeblink.

Exam 3: The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning