Question 1

Which of the following theories is an exception to the tendency of scholars to ignore existing theories when developing new perspectives on gangs and delinquency?

Accepted Answer

A)  conflict theory 
B)  self-control theory 
C)  strain theory 
D)  social disorganization theory

Question 2

All of the following are components of collective efficacy EXCEPT ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  it decreases informal social control within a community 
B)  it requires community members to forge social ties 
C)  it involves shared trust 
D)  it involves mutual willingness to intervene

Question 3

Social disorganization theory is equally applicable to cities of all sizes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

It is implied that Thrasher's (1927, 2000) term "interstitial" is borrowed from what discipline?

Accepted Answer

A)  Math 
B)  Science 
C)  Fine arts 
D)  Finance

Question 5

Law enforcement personnel stipulate that the release of prison inmates and high rates of drug trafficking are the factors that most significantly influence gang violence in communities.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Define social control and discuss its relationship to delinquency in Thrasher's (1927, 2000) social disorganization theory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define social control and discuss its relationship...

Question 7

Did all four regions of the country equally experience the five stages of gang development? Why or why not?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Did all four regions of the country...

Question 8

Papachristos and Kirk (2006) assert that social disorganization theory ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  is only applicable to gangs, not other kinds of criminal activity 
B)  offers two complementary hypotheses as to how social disorganization breeds gang activity 
C)  offers two competing hypotheses as to how social disorganization breeds gang activity 
D)  isn't applicable to gangs

Question 9

Which of the following is the stage in which youth gangs are believed to form, as aided by the development of subcultures?

Accepted Answer

A)  Stage 1 
B)  Stage 2 
C)  Stage 3 
D)  Stage 4

Question 10

Conflict theory is most associated with what experience?

Accepted Answer

A)  immigration 
B)  marginalization 
C)  routine activities 
D)  economic restructuring

Question 11

All of the following are critiques that have been levied against Thrasher's (1927, 2000) gang social disorganization theory EXCEPT ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  he focused disproportionately on low-income, urban areas 
B)  he didn't focus enough on group processes 
C)  his theory did not reflect a unified school of thought 
D)  he focused too much on group processes

Question 12

Which of the following are ways to describe theories that concern themselves with characteristics of delimited geographic areas (e.g., neighborhood, census tract, and state) that are related to crime?

Accepted Answer

A)  micro-level 
B)  ecological 
C)  macro-level 
D)  environmental

Question 13

Discordant findings about the effects of key social disorganization variables on gang and non-gang violence have been attributed to all of the following EXCEPT ______

Accepted Answer

A)  different areas use different definitions for gang activity 
B)  data have been collected using geographic units that are too large 
C)  long-term gang wars in some areas have uniquely shaped violence patterns 
D)  cities and communities have their own histories, and those may affect social processes that affect delinquency differently

Question 14

Which of the following is a theory that claims that in inner-city Black neighborhoods, deindustrialization has led to the isolation and disadvantage of minorities who did not benefit from economic restructuring?

Accepted Answer

A)  underclass theory 
B)  social disorganization theory 
C)  conflict theory 
D)  routine activities theory

Question 15

Which of the following are components of Stage 4 of gang development?

Accepted Answer

A)  public housing projects 
B)  gun availability 
C)  the proliferation of single-headed households in poor neighborhoods 
D)  drug trafficking

Question 16

Shaw and McKay's (1942) findings implied that the processes that lead to criminal activity most closely parallel those that determine the area's ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  ethnic/racial composition 
B)  socioeconomic status 
C)  percentage of males 
D)  percentage of police officers

Question 17

Rap lyrics have always glorified delinquency and gang lifestyles.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of gang development in the United States?

Accepted Answer

A)  large-scale immigration, which produced social and economic problems that set the foundation for gangs to form 
B)  the development of youth subcultures 
C)  the development of transnational gangs 
D)  the development of prison gangs

Exam 4: General Macro-Level Theories and Modern-Day Applications

Which of the following theories is an exception to the tendency of scholars to ignore existing theories when developing new perspectives on gangs and delinquency?

All of the following are components of collective efficacy EXCEPT ______.

Social disorganization theory is equally applicable to cities of all sizes.

It is implied that Thrasher's (1927, 2000) term "interstitial" is borrowed from what discipline?

Law enforcement personnel stipulate that the release of prison inmates and high rates of drug trafficking are the factors that most significantly influence gang violence in communities.

Define social control and discuss its relationship to delinquency in Thrasher's (1927, 2000) social disorganization theory.

Did all four regions of the country equally experience the five stages of gang development? Why or why not?

Papachristos and Kirk (2006) assert that social disorganization theory ______.

Which of the following is the stage in which youth gangs are believed to form, as aided by the development of subcultures?

Conflict theory is most associated with what experience?

All of the following are critiques that have been levied against Thrasher's (1927, 2000) gang social disorganization theory EXCEPT ______.

Which of the following are ways to describe theories that concern themselves with characteristics of delimited geographic areas (e.g., neighborhood, census tract, and state) that are related to crime?

Discordant findings about the effects of key social disorganization variables on gang and non-gang violence have been attributed to all of the following EXCEPT ______

Which of the following is a theory that claims that in inner-city Black neighborhoods, deindustrialization has led to the isolation and disadvantage of minorities who did not benefit from economic restructuring?

Which of the following are components of Stage 4 of gang development?

Shaw and McKay's (1942) findings implied that the processes that lead to criminal activity most closely parallel those that determine the area's ______.

Rap lyrics have always glorified delinquency and gang lifestyles.

Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of gang development in the United States?