Question 1

Studies have found that people in many different countries are remarkably honest, even when they know they cannot be caught or penalized for cheating.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 2

In 2015, behavioral economist David Pascual-Ezama and his team used a coin-flipping game to investigate cheating in 16 nations. What did they discover?

Accepted Answer

A)   The rate of cheating in a country was related to its Corruption Index score.
B)   The overall rate of cheating was high when cheaters could not be caught.
C)   The rate of cheating was low and essentially the same in every country.
D)   both a and b C

Question 3

In one study, participants were less likely to take a favorable bet when they were required to think about the bet in a foreign language.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 4

In the summertime, Catherine and Peter have a lawn-mowing business. At the end of the summer, how will Catherine and Peter divide up their earnings if they follow the norm of equality? The norm of equity? The norm of power? The norm of need? The norm of responsibility?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the summertime, Catherine and Peter have...

Question 5

In Japan, someone who finds and returns a lost item has a legal right to a reward.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

When researchers recognize that group-level data can sometimes give a misleading picture of what individuals do, they avoid committing an error called ________________.

Accepted Answer

A)   the ecological fallacy
B)   the fundamental attribution error
C)   aggregate bias
D)   confirmation bias

Question 7

Studies have found that persons with an interdependent sense of self tend to exhibit a moderacy bias when they complete opinion surveys. Why?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Studies have found that persons with an...

Question 8

A gerontocracy is a society in which the wealthiest members have the highest status and hold most of the power.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

In moral philosophy, __________________ holds that the most ethical choice is the one that produces the greatest good for the greatest number.

Accepted Answer

A)   the categorical imperative
B)   the ethic of community
C)   the law of large numbers
D)   none of the above

Question 10

Studies have found that people often forego the opportunity to win something because their fear of losing is more intense than their anticipation of winning.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

_____________ refers to the fair allocation of goods and services. In particular, the norm of ______________ dictates that individuals' outcomes should be proportional to their inputs.

Accepted Answer

A)   Distributive justice; equality
B)   Distributive justice; equity
C)   Procedural ethics; equality
D)   Procedural ethics; equity

Question 12

What was the main finding in Schäfer's fishing-for-cubes study that involved young children from three different cultural groups?

Accepted Answer

A)   Almost all children used merit as the basis for dividing the prizes.
B)   Almost all children used equality as the basis for dividing the prizes.
C)   Almost all children used a combination of merit and equality when dividing the prizes.
D)   none of the above

Question 13

When taking opinion surveys, many East Asians, African Americans, and Hispanic Americans show a moderacy bias.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Use evolutionary thinking to explain why cultural groups everywhere have developed high standards regarding honesty.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Use evolutionary thinking to explain why cultural...

Question 15

Law professor Mark West dropped 100 cell phones and 20 wallets in New York City and in Tokyo. What was the major finding of his field experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)   Lost items were returned at an equal rate in New York City and Tokyo.
B)   More lost items were returned to their owners in Tokyo.
C)   More cell phones were returned in New York City, but almost all the wallets were empty.
D)   none of the above

Question 16

What is the most plausible explanation for why lost items are recovered much more often in Tokyo than in New York City?

Accepted Answer

A)   Japanese city dwellers are, on average, more honest than American city dwellers.
B)   Japanese society is collectivistic, which means they are more helpful.
C)   Tokyo has a well-established lost-and-found system, and New York City does not.
D)   Options a, b, and c are equally plausible.

Question 17

Based on the results of multiple studies, what seems to be the best explanation for the moral foreign-language effect?

Accepted Answer

A)   People are more utilitarian when thinking in a foreign language because they think more deliberately.
B)   People are more utilitarian when thinking in a foreign language because they feel less emotionally.
C)   People are less utilitarian when thinking in a foreign language because they are more easily confused.
D)   People are less utilitarian when thinking in a foreign language because they are more likely to be swayed by emotions.

Question 18

The theory of self-concept maintenance states that people are not motivated by external incentives to cheat; they are strongly motivated by an internal desire to see themselves as honorable and morally upstanding.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

What is incomplete cheating? Is incomplete cheating a universal phenomenon or a culturally variable phenomenon? How do you know?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is incomplete cheating? Is incomplete cheating...

Question 20

What is partner choice theory?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is partner choice theory?...

Exam 9: Moral Reasoning

Studies have found that people in many different countries are remarkably honest, even when they know they cannot be caught or penalized for cheating.

In 2015, behavioral economist David Pascual-Ezama and his team used a coin-flipping game to investigate cheating in 16 nations. What did they discover?

In one study, participants were less likely to take a favorable bet when they were required to think about the bet in a foreign language.

In the summertime, Catherine and Peter have a lawn-mowing business. At the end of the summer, how will Catherine and Peter divide up their earnings if they follow the norm of equality? The norm of equity? The norm of power? The norm of need? The norm of responsibility?

In Japan, someone who finds and returns a lost item has a legal right to a reward.

When researchers recognize that group-level data can sometimes give a misleading picture of what individuals do, they avoid committing an error called ________________.

Studies have found that persons with an interdependent sense of self tend to exhibit a moderacy bias when they complete opinion surveys. Why?

A gerontocracy is a society in which the wealthiest members have the highest status and hold most of the power.

In moral philosophy, __________________ holds that the most ethical choice is the one that produces the greatest good for the greatest number.

Studies have found that people often forego the opportunity to win something because their fear of losing is more intense than their anticipation of winning.

_ refers to the fair allocation of goods and services. In particular, the norm of __ dictates that individuals' outcomes should be proportional to their inputs.

What was the main finding in Schäfer's fishing-for-cubes study that involved young children from three different cultural groups?

When taking opinion surveys, many East Asians, African Americans, and Hispanic Americans show a moderacy bias.

Use evolutionary thinking to explain why cultural groups everywhere have developed high standards regarding honesty.

Law professor Mark West dropped 100 cell phones and 20 wallets in New York City and in Tokyo. What was the major finding of his field experiment?

What is the most plausible explanation for why lost items are recovered much more often in Tokyo than in New York City?

Based on the results of multiple studies, what seems to be the best explanation for the moral foreign-language effect?

The theory of self-concept maintenance states that people are not motivated by external incentives to cheat; they are strongly motivated by an internal desire to see themselves as honorable and morally upstanding.

What is incomplete cheating? Is incomplete cheating a universal phenomenon or a culturally variable phenomenon? How do you know?

What is partner choice theory?