Question 1

The law of effect states that for any organism, those behaviors that lead to a satisfying state of affairs are "stamped in" while those behaviors that lead to an unsatisfying or annoying state of affairs are "stamped out."

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

If behavior is reinforced on a fixed-ratio schedule, the animal is unsure of how many times it must respond for reinforcement to take place.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

In subsequent experiments by Bandura and his team, using films of adults acting violently, the children were able to watch the adults

Accepted Answer

A)  experience either rewarding or punishing consequences for their behavior 
B) engaging in non-violent acts of aggression 
C)  perform the violence for as long as they chose to do so 
D)  upset other children while being aggressive

Question 4

According to a study by Breland and Breland (1961), it was no trouble to condition a raccoon to slip coins into the slot on a laboratory "piggy bank." However, the raccoon would not let the coins go, but dipped them in and out of the slot, and rubbed them together in his paws. This was because

Accepted Answer

A)  the raccoon could not be conditioned to use only one paw and persisted on grasping with both 
B)  the procedure used a continuous reinforcement contingency 
C)  the raccoon's saving behavior had not been properly shaped 
D)  the raccoon had come to associate the coins with receiving food and was treating the coins as food

Question 5

In the Tolman and Hoznik (1930) experiment on latent learning, the group of rats that were reinforced only after several days of navigating the maze without reinforcement showed a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  decrease in the latency of reinforcing behavior compared with other groups 
B) increase in the rate of errors compared with the other groups 
C)  reduction in the speed at which they reached the goal box compared with other groups 
D)  reduction in the rate of errors across subsequent trials compared to other groups

Question 6

Among other things, food, water, and sex have been found to be the best

Accepted Answer

A)  classical reinforcers 
B)  primary reinforcers 
C)  operant reinforcers 
D)  secondary reinforcers

Question 7

When the frequency or probability of a behavior is increased as a result of the addition or presentation of something following the performance of the behavior, it is called

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement 
B)  positive punishment 
C)  negative reinforcement 
D)  negative punishment

Question 8

Describe the four components of Pavlov's original classical conditioning experiment: the two stimuli and two responses. In your answer, describe how a conditioned response is acquired, how it might generalize to other stimuli, and how it might be discriminant. Also, discuss real examples of spontaneous recovery and renewal.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the four components of Pavlov's original...

Question 9

Addicts who recover in the context of a drug treatment facility may experience a resurgence of craving for their drug of choice once they leave the facility and come into contact with people, places, or things associated with the drug.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

The next time you see a dog after being attacked by one, your capacity for ______________ tells you, "Hmmm … maybe I'd better cross to the other side of the street" instead of, "No problem, this is a different breed."

Accepted Answer

The answer of The next time you see a dog...

Question 11

This reinforcement schedule is the logic behind factory piecework, where workers are paid by the number of items produced rather than the number of hours worked.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-interval 
B)  fixed-ratio 
C)  variable-interval 
D)  variable-ratio

Question 12

According to the general process view of classical conditioning, organisms are biologically prepared to form certain associations, but not to form other associations.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

If your professor ended certain class days by sounding a bullhorn and then offering sweet-smelling cookies to the class, you would start to salivate to the sound of the bullhorn. If on other days, your professor ended class by ringing a hand bell, and not offering cookies, you would not salivate to the sound of the hand bell. The aspect of classical conditioning responsible for that phenomenon is

Accepted Answer

A)  discrimination 
B)  generalization 
C)  spontaneous recovery 
D)  renewal

Question 14

Because you associate your server at a restaurant with food, you may start to salivate when you see your server carrying your food over to you. The server is thus a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) unconditioned stimulus 
B)  conditioned stimulus 
C)  unconditioned response 
D)  conditioned response

Question 15

Which of the following was NOT a condition in the Tolman and Honzik (1930) study of latent learning in rats?

Accepted Answer

A)  One group of rats was given food as a reinforcer at the end of the maze. 
B)  One group of rats was given a small electric shock to start the maze. 
C)  One group of rats was given no reinforcement at any point in the maze. 
D)  One group of rats received reinforcement after 10 days of no reinforcement.

Question 16

Observing and _________________ the behavior of others is an important part of the way human beings interact, perhaps because it facilitates empathy.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Observing and _________________ the behavior of others...

Question 17

Research comparing people with cocaine dependence and non-cocaine users revealed that when the cocaine users watched a video of a person preparing cocaine for use, they showed more activation in this area of the brain than did the non-users.

Accepted Answer

A) anterior prefrontal cortex 
B)  limbic system 
C)  basal ganglia 
D)  substantia nigra

Question 18

Edward Tolman was a behaviorist, but, unlike Skinner, he believed that it would be possible to use scientific methods to study

Accepted Answer

A)  the effect of electric shocks on learned helplessness 
B) the impact of mental activity on operant conditioning 
C)  the role of motivation in punishment 
D)  the specific cognitive processes involved in choice behavior

Question 19

Thorndike's puzzle box was designed so that the pellets would automatically be delivered to the animal when it pressed down on a lever located near the food tray.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

When psychologists refer to learning as the acquisition of knowledge of a new fact, they are talking about this type of knowledge.

Accepted Answer

A)  behaviorist 
B)  explicit 
C)  implicit 
D)  procedural

Exam 7: Learning

The law of effect states that for any organism, those behaviors that lead to a satisfying state of affairs are "stamped in" while those behaviors that lead to an unsatisfying or annoying state of affairs are "stamped out."

If behavior is reinforced on a fixed-ratio schedule, the animal is unsure of how many times it must respond for reinforcement to take place.

In subsequent experiments by Bandura and his team, using films of adults acting violently, the children were able to watch the adults

According to a study by Breland and Breland (1961) , it was no trouble to condition a raccoon to slip coins into the slot on a laboratory "piggy bank." However, the raccoon would not let the coins go, but dipped them in and out of the slot, and rubbed them together in his paws. This was because

In the Tolman and Hoznik (1930) experiment on latent learning, the group of rats that were reinforced only after several days of navigating the maze without reinforcement showed a(n)

Among other things, food, water, and sex have been found to be the best

When the frequency or probability of a behavior is increased as a result of the addition or presentation of something following the performance of the behavior, it is called

Addicts who recover in the context of a drug treatment facility may experience a resurgence of craving for their drug of choice once they leave the facility and come into contact with people, places, or things associated with the drug.

The next time you see a dog after being attacked by one, your capacity for ______________ tells you, "Hmmm … maybe I'd better cross to the other side of the street" instead of, "No problem, this is a different breed."

This reinforcement schedule is the logic behind factory piecework, where workers are paid by the number of items produced rather than the number of hours worked.

According to the general process view of classical conditioning, organisms are biologically prepared to form certain associations, but not to form other associations.

Because you associate your server at a restaurant with food, you may start to salivate when you see your server carrying your food over to you. The server is thus a(n)

Which of the following was NOT a condition in the Tolman and Honzik (1930) study of latent learning in rats?

Observing and _________________ the behavior of others is an important part of the way human beings interact, perhaps because it facilitates empathy.

Research comparing people with cocaine dependence and non-cocaine users revealed that when the cocaine users watched a video of a person preparing cocaine for use, they showed more activation in this area of the brain than did the non-users.

Edward Tolman was a behaviorist, but, unlike Skinner, he believed that it would be possible to use scientific methods to study

Thorndike's puzzle box was designed so that the pellets would automatically be delivered to the animal when it pressed down on a lever located near the food tray.

When psychologists refer to learning as the acquisition of knowledge of a new fact, they are talking about this type of knowledge.