Question 1

Thanks to this component of classical conditioning, you automatically learn to avoid all dogs that might attack you if you have been attacked by a dog in the past.

Accepted Answer

A)  discrimination 
B)  generalization 
C)  spontaneous recovery 
D)  renewal

Question 2

Because of ______________, your sensitivity to pain generally increases the longer the pain continues, both in the affected area of your body and in surrounding areas, rather than decreasing as would be the case in ______________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Because of ______________, your sensitivity to pain...

Question 3

In the premotor cortex of the monkey brain there is a network of these neurons, which fire either when a monkey performs a particular action or when the monkey merely observes another monkey or a human performing that action.

Accepted Answer

A) motor neurons 
B)  mirror neurons 
C)  interneurons 
D)  cranial neurons

Question 4

In one study of mirror neurons in primates, the neurons fired strongly when the monkeys observed the experimenter's hand moving to grasp an object, but not when

Accepted Answer

A) the hand moved in similar way but with no apparent intention or goal 
B)  the hand moved toward the monkeys 
C)  the experimenter first primed the monkey's prefrontal cortex 
D)  the monkeys had already grasped the object

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT an example of habituation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Dana's dog becomes quickly accustomed to her friends when they come over to visit and only barks when they first walk in the door. 
B)  Jerome's rate of sucking on his pacifier decreases the more he familiarizes himself with his mother's voice. 
C)  Latoya's last boyfriend was emotionally abusive, and now she has more trouble trusting possible new mates. 
D)  Nikki's cat has become so lazy that his play reactions to string quickly fade after a minute or so.

Question 6

This schedule of reinforcement, sometimes reinforcing hunting strategies in animals, and shopping strategies in humans, generally produces the lowest rate of responding because reinforcement is delivered at unpredictable time intervals.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-interval 
B)  fixed-ratio 
C)  variable-interval 
D)  variable-ratio

Question 7

One problem in generalizing about real-world violence from laboratory studies is that the aggression measured in laboratory research studies is not representative of the intensity of real-world violence.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

One problem in generalizing about real-world violence from laboratory studies is that

Accepted Answer

A) aggression as measured in laboratory research studies is quite often of the relatively mild variety 
B)  the effects of media violence cannot be adequately demonstrated in the laboratory 
C)  violence as measured in real-world research is usually very rare 
D)  researchers often construct elaborate conditions in the laboratory to simulate media influence.

Question 9

Parents can use the Premack principle to condition children to clean their rooms by

Accepted Answer

A) shouting loud enough so that the children can hear 
B) threatening physical violence against the children 
C)  offering a piece of chocolate to the children when cleaning 
D)  making TV watching contingent upon having a clean room

Question 10

In classical conditioning, the organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus with another stimulus if

Accepted Answer

A)  the neutral stimulus prepares the organism for the other stimulus 
B) the neutral stimulus is sufficiently intense 
C)  the other stimulus produces an intense response 
D)  the other stimulus is particularly noxious

Question 11

As a result of his studies with cats in "puzzle boxes," Thorndike proposed the "law of effect," which states that

Accepted Answer

A)  the presence of reward strengthens actions that prove to be successful while actions that prove unsuccessful become less likely to occur. 
B)  the presence of an aversive stimulus increases the arousal of an organism's response 
C)  the effect of behavior is to cause reward 
D)  the likelihood of a behavior is strengthened by all consequences, negative or positive

Question 12

All of the following are valid conclusions from the current research on aggression, violence, and the media, EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  There is a real link between media violence and various forms of aggressive thoughts, emotions, and behavior. 
B)  Not every person exposed to media violence is affected in the same way. 
C)  A person might become violent through a process of peer selection. 
D)  Aggressive behavior does not develop as the result of temperament.

Question 13

Tolman suggested that during the non-reinforcement period in his experiment, the rats had been forming a cognitive map-a mental representation of the reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

The "positive" and "negative" terms applied to reinforcement and punishment refer to

Accepted Answer

A) whether a consequence is good or bad 
B)  whether something is added or removed as a consequence 
C)  whether a consequence adds or subtracts from behavior 
D)  whether a consequence is concrete or abstract

Question 15

According to the partial reinforcement effect, in most cases it is better for learning that reinforcement does not occur on a continuous basis.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Which of the following is the best example of the principle of sensitization?

Accepted Answer

A)  Jerry's roommate listens to the TV very loudly, but Jerry can close his door when he needs to read. 
B)  Oscar is frustrated with his noisy neighbors and has found it increasingly difficult to fall asleep most nights. 
C)  Sable's mother is a school psychologist, and now Sable finds herself interested in the topic. 
D)  Raymond has decided to quit smoking and buys himself a soda every time he has a craving.

Question 17

The _______________ must follow immediately after the conditioning (neutral) stimulus begins to be presented-no more than a second or two at the very most-or the association between the stimuli will be weakened.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The _______________ must follow immediately after the...

Question 18

Many operant conditioning programs set up in substance abuse treatment facilities, which work by reinforcing desired behaviors with prizes, chances to win prizes, or tokens that may be redeemed for various privileges, use this technique.

Accepted Answer

A) conditioned taste aversion 
B)  behavioral analysis 
C)  contingency management 
D)  progressive shaping

Question 19

All of the following statements about partial reinforcement are true, EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  Partial reinforcement generally leads to a stronger, more enduring conditioning. 
B)  Partial reinforcement rarely occurs in the natural world. 
C)  Schedules of reinforcement result in various levels of the partial reinforcement effect. 
D)  Acquiring a behavior takes more time when the behavior is only partially reinforced.

Question 20

Violence and aggression can be serious threats to a stable society. Explain how psychologists came to understand how humans learn to model the behavior of others. In your answer, make sure to describe behavioral and neuropsychological evidence. Also, provide two examples of media influence on violence and aggression.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Violence and aggression can be serious threats...

Exam 7: Learning

Thanks to this component of classical conditioning, you automatically learn to avoid all dogs that might attack you if you have been attacked by a dog in the past.

Because of , your sensitivity to pain generally increases the longer the pain continues, both in the affected area of your body and in surrounding areas, rather than decreasing as would be the case in .

In the premotor cortex of the monkey brain there is a network of these neurons, which fire either when a monkey performs a particular action or when the monkey merely observes another monkey or a human performing that action.

In one study of mirror neurons in primates, the neurons fired strongly when the monkeys observed the experimenter's hand moving to grasp an object, but not when

Which of the following is NOT an example of habituation?

This schedule of reinforcement, sometimes reinforcing hunting strategies in animals, and shopping strategies in humans, generally produces the lowest rate of responding because reinforcement is delivered at unpredictable time intervals.

One problem in generalizing about real-world violence from laboratory studies is that the aggression measured in laboratory research studies is not representative of the intensity of real-world violence.

One problem in generalizing about real-world violence from laboratory studies is that

Parents can use the Premack principle to condition children to clean their rooms by

In classical conditioning, the organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus with another stimulus if

As a result of his studies with cats in "puzzle boxes," Thorndike proposed the "law of effect," which states that

All of the following are valid conclusions from the current research on aggression, violence, and the media, EXCEPT:

Tolman suggested that during the non-reinforcement period in his experiment, the rats had been forming a cognitive map-a mental representation of the reinforcer.

The "positive" and "negative" terms applied to reinforcement and punishment refer to

According to the partial reinforcement effect, in most cases it is better for learning that reinforcement does not occur on a continuous basis.

Which of the following is the best example of the principle of sensitization?

The _______________ must follow immediately after the conditioning (neutral) stimulus begins to be presented-no more than a second or two at the very most-or the association between the stimuli will be weakened.

Many operant conditioning programs set up in substance abuse treatment facilities, which work by reinforcing desired behaviors with prizes, chances to win prizes, or tokens that may be redeemed for various privileges, use this technique.

All of the following statements about partial reinforcement are true, EXCEPT: