Question 1

Maguire et al. (2003) found, when comparing superior memorizers with controls, ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  a significant difference in reasoning skills, in visual memory scores and in working/long-term verbal memory 
B)  no difference in reasoning skills and in visual memory scores, but they differed in working/long-term verbal memory 
C)  no difference in reasoning skills, in visual memory scores and in working/long-term verbal memory 
D)  a significant difference in reasoning skills and in visual memory scores, but they did not differ in working/long-term verbal memory

Question 2

The ________ associates digits with distinct phonemes. The phonemes can then be combined with vowels to form words.

Accepted Answer

A)  person-object-action system 
B)  major system 
C)  method of loci 
D)  model of skill acquisition proposed by Fitts and Posner (1967)

Question 3

Noice (1992) recruited stage actors, provided them with a script, and asked them to record their thought process. First, ________. Second, ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  all the actors reported trying to learn the script by rote memorization immediately; all of the actors reported that they avoided understanding the motivations of the different characters 
B)  none of the actors reported trying to learn the script by rote memorization; all of the actors reported that they avoided understanding the motivations of the different characters 
C)  all the actors reported trying to learn the script by rote memorization immediately; all of the actors reported that they read the script many times to understand the motivations of the different characters 
D)  none of the actors reported trying to learn the script by rote memorization; all of the actors reported that they read the script many times to understand the motivations of the different characters

Question 4

The performance of memory athletes is the result of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  generalized superior talent from the very beginning 
B)  learning a mnemonic skill and practising it 
C)  much higher digit span even in everyday life 
D)  being more able to remember a list of random items than anyone else

Question 5

Butler (2010) found that testing ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  benefits retrieval except when the testing contexts are very different 
B)  benefits retrieval even when the testing contexts are very different 
C)  harms retrieval even when the testing contexts are very different 
D)  harms retrieval except when the testing contexts are very different

Question 6

In Ericsson et al. (1993), there are three components to deliberate practice. These components do not include ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  to study other experts 
B)  to receive substantial rewards at each step 
C)  to study previous mistakes 
D)  to set goals and try to overcome them

Question 7

According to Marsh et al. (2007), feedback is argued to be particularly important following ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  multiple-choice tests because these rely mostly on implicit memory, such as familiarity and priming 
B)  true-false tests because the individual has been exposed to incorrect responses and when an incorrect response is chosen, it is often repeated on subsequent tests 
C)  multiple-choice tests because the individual has been exposed to incorrect responses and when an incorrect response is chosen, it is often repeated on subsequent tests 
D)  short-answer tests because the incorrect responses are often repeated on subsequent tests

Question 8

What memorization techniques can actors use to memorize their scripts?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What memorization techniques can actors use to...

Question 9

The testing effect refers to the finding that ________ produces better retention than ________ for an equivalent amount of time.

Accepted Answer

A)  re-reading the same information; repeated memory retrieval 
B)  repeated memory retrieval; re-reading the same information 
C)  repeated memory retrieval; sleeping 
D)  sleeping; repeated memory retrieval

Question 10

What are testing effects? What are its implications for students?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are testing effects? What are its...

Question 11

Ericsson et al. (1993) suggest that what separates experts from non-experts in a given field is that experts ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  receive a lot of rewards during their training 
B)  engage in spaced training, which involves carefully planned periods of rest 
C)  engage in deliberate practice, which involves consciously avoiding the autonomous stage when performing a skill, and that this practice leads to better memory for details in that field 
D)  engage in massed practice, which involves quickly reaching the autonomous stage when performing a skill, and that this practice leads to better memory for details in that field

Question 12

"Natural memory" for the method of loci is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  memory before starting to use the method of loci 
B)  the mnemonic result of the method of loci 
C)  memory that is the product of art and can be naturally strengthened by training 
D)  memory that is embedded in our minds and cannot be strengthened

Question 13

The results from Pyc and Rawson (2009) suggest that it is best to have ________ between exposure and retrieval practice and that maximal benefits result from approximately ________ retrieval practices.

Accepted Answer

A)  a shorter delay; fifty 
B)  a longer delay; fifty 
C)  a shorter delay; seven 
D)  a longer delay; seven

Question 14

The major system for memorizing long numbers involves creating ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  easy-to-remember numbers based on specific phonemes associated with each digit 
B)  emotions based on specific phonemes associated with each digit 
C)  images based on specific phonemes associated with each digit 
D)  actions based on specific phonemes associated with each digit

Question 15

From a memory perspective what do Olympic athletes, virtuoso violinists, world class chess players, and memory athletes have in common?

Accepted Answer

The answer of From a memory perspective what do Olympic...

Question 16

According to Karpicke and Roediger's (2008) study on the testing effect, participants who practised retrieving word pairs recalled ________ than participants who did not practise. Further, participants who were given extra time to study the word pairs ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  significantly more; did not perform better 
B)  significantly less; did not perform better 
C)  significantly more; performed even better 
D)  significantly less; performed even better

Question 17

Hambrick et al. (2014) argue that in addition to what proposed by Ericsson, at least four factors are strong predictors of expertise. These factors do not include ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  age 
B)  deliberate practice 
C)  intelligence 
D)  willpower

Question 18

The person-object-action (PAO) system for memorizing long numbers involves ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  developing complex images associated with pairs of digits ahead of time 
B)  creating complex actions based on specific phonemes associated with each digit 
C)  developing complex emotions based on specific phonemes associated with each digit 
D)  creating easy-to-remember numbers based on specific phonemes associated with each digit

Question 19

The model of skill acquisition by Fitt and Posner does not include ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  using mnemonics to encode portions of the skill to be learned 
B)  some parts of skills done automatically 
C)  thinking about every aspect of skill 
D)  skills performed automatically

Question 20

Maguire et al. (2000) studied the brains of highly experienced taxi drivers who know the location of 25,000 London streets and more than 1000 landmarks and found that the ________ of experienced taxi drivers were significantly larger than normal controls.

Accepted Answer

A)  posterior hippocampal regions 
B)  anterior hippocampal regions 
C)  occipital cortical areas 
D)  prefrontal cortical areas

Exam 14: Exceptional Memory, Mnemonics, and Expertise