Question 1

Describe the various ways that our visual system adapts to darkness and allows us to see in low lighting conditions. Why are we said to have a "duplex retina"?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the various ways that our visual...

Question 2

The light-sensitive membrane at the back of the eye that contains rods and cones is called the

Accepted Answer

A)  pupil. 
B)  iris. 
C)  lens. 
D)  retina. 
E)  cornea.

Question 3

There may be a third type of photoreceptor in the retina that helps regulate our sleep and wake cycles. What type of photopigment do these cells contain?

Accepted Answer

A)  Macular pigment 
B)  Melanopsin 
C)  Rhodopsin 
D)  Chromopsin 
E)  Vitreous humor

Question 4

Light cannot be

Accepted Answer

A)  absorbed. 
B)  refracted. 
C)  dissolved. 
D)  transmitted. 
E)  scattered.

Question 5

The retina can be referred to as _______ because it contains rods and cones, which operate under different conditions.

Accepted Answer

A)  a focal point 
B)  a shutter 
C)  duplex 
D)  a light-passing membrane 
E)  bipartisan

Question 6

Cones are most highly concentrated in which area of the retina?

Accepted Answer

A)  Blind Spot 
B)  Cornea 
C)  Fovea 
D)  Lens 
E)  Periphery

Question 7

The lateral pathway in the retina consists of horizontal cells and

Accepted Answer

A)  photoreceptors. 
B)  amacrine cells. 
C)  midget bipolar cells. 
D)  diffuse bipolar cells. 
E)  ganglion cells.

Question 8

The retina is analogous to the _______ in a camera.

Accepted Answer

A)  lens 
B)  stop 
C)  flash 
D)  film 
E)  shutter

Question 9

The aqueous humor is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  funny substance. 
B)  watery fluid between the cornea and iris. 
C)  gel-like fluid between the lens and retina. 
D)  circular opening at the center of the iris. 
E)  opaque fluid.

Question 10

Rods are photoreceptors that are specialized for

Accepted Answer

A)  daylight vision. 
B)  sensing narrow objects. 
C)  transmitting light. 
D)  night vision. 
E)  processing color.

Question 11

Retinal cells that make connections with bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and other cells like themselves are called

Accepted Answer

A)  amacrine cells. 
B)  cones. 
C)  horizontal cells. 
D)  chromophores. 
E)  rods.

Question 12

In which area of the eye would you find midget bipolar cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  Blind spot 
B)  Fovea 
C)  Lens 
D)  Periphery 
E)  Pupil

Question 13

Accommodation is the process during which the _______ of the eye changes its shape.

Accepted Answer

A)  retina 
B)  lens 
C)  pupil 
D)  iris 
E)  cornea

Question 14

Which stimulus would optimally activate an ON-center ganglion cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  A spot of light in the center of the receptive field 
B)  A shadow in the center of the receptive field 
C)  A ring of light covering the surround of the receptive field 
D)  A large spot of light covering both the center and surround portions of the receptive field 
E)  A large shadow covering both the center and surround portions of the receptive field

Question 15

In which area of the eye would you find diffuse bipolar cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  Blind spot 
B)  Fovea 
C)  Lens 
D)  Periphery 
E)  Pupil

Question 16

The light energy from an object is _______ into neural energy that can be interpreted by the brain.

Accepted Answer

A)  transferred 
B)  transformed 
C)  transduced 
D)  absorbed 
E)  translated

Question 17

Refraction of a wave of energy means

Accepted Answer

A)  oscillation that travels through a medium. 
B)  bending or spreading out of waves as they pass through a medium. 
C)  bending or spreading out of waves as they pass the edge of an obstacle. 
D)  passing of waves with no interruption. 
E)  redirection of light back toward its source.

Question 18

In presbyopia, the lens becomes stiff with age and cannot change its shape. What is the perceptual consequence of this change?

Accepted Answer

A)  Too much light gets into the eye, causing difficulties with daytime vision. 
B)  Not enough light gets into the eye, causing difficulties with nighttime vision. 
C)  It may become difficult to focus on objects at certain depths. 
D)  Light becomes so scattered in the eye that perception is impossible. 
E)  Peripheral vision is lost gradually over time.

Question 19

In the fovea, single cones pass information to single ganglion cells via _______ cells.

Accepted Answer

A)  horizontal 
B)  amacrine 
C)  midget bipolar 
D)  diffuse bipolar 
E)  rod

Question 20

Which of the following is a specialized retinal cell responsible for lateral inhibition?

Accepted Answer

A)  Amacrine cell 
B)  Bipolar cell 
C)  Ganglion cell 
D)  Horizontal cell 
E)  Photoreceptor

Exam 2: The First Steps in Vision: From Light to Neural Signals