Question 1

Aldo cannot get the answer to a chemistry problem,even after sitting at his desk for an hour.He gets up and goes for a walk.Suddenly,the answer comes to him,even though he appears to have stopped thinking about it for a while.This phenomenon is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  insight learning 
B)  latent learning 
C)  cognitive map learning 
D)  economic principled learning

Question 2

Which of the following terms is used to describe the removal of a stimulus?

Accepted Answer

A)  positive 
B)  negative 
C)  reinforcement 
D)  punishment

Question 3

What treatment might help memory disorders such as Alzheimer's disease in the future by altering neuronal functions?

Accepted Answer

A)  inducing chemical suppression of long-term depression 
B)  artificial mRNA replicas of glutamate transcription in the soma 
C)  forced intake of GABA agonists small enough to cross the blood-brain barrier 
D)  causing increased gene expression for NMDA receptors

Question 4

Primary reinforcers:

Accepted Answer

A)  come first in second-order conditioning 
B)  satisfy biological needs 
C)  are the first behaviors to be rewarded in shaping 
D)  represent symbolic value

Question 5

Which of the following could be classified as a reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)  getting a cookie after washing the dishes 
B)  cowering when the teacher places her fingernails on the blackboard 
C)  not walking under ladders 
D)  having a sunny day for your wedding

Question 6

Tolman's research with rats running mazes demonstrated that reinforcement affects:

Accepted Answer

A)  learning more than performance 
B)  performance more than learning 
C)  learning and performance equally 
D)  neither learning nor performance

Question 7

According to the work of Shepard Siegel,an addict's usual large dose is most likely to produce an overdose in which setting?

Accepted Answer

A)  in a novel setting 
B)  in a familiar setting 
C)  the setting is unimportant 
D)  none of the above

Question 8

Pavlovian conditioning is also referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A)  behavior modification 
B)  operant conditioning 
C)  classical conditioning 
D)  consequence-oriented conditioning

Question 9

Who founded the school of behaviorism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Skinner 
B)  Watson 
C)  Pavlov 
D)  Bandura

Question 10

The neurotransmitter that is most important for reinforcement learning is:

Accepted Answer

A)  serotonin 
B)  glutamate 
C)  dopamine 
D)  norepinepherine

Question 11

Being fined for overdue books is a form of:

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement 
B)  negative reinforcement 
C)  positive punishment 
D)  negative punishment

Question 12

Habituation and sensitization come about because of:

Accepted Answer

A)  a physical connection that forms between two neurons 
B)  growth of additional neurons 
C)  changes in neurotransmitter release in the presynaptic neuron 
D)  changes in neurotransmitter release in the postsynaptic neuron

Question 13

One of the earliest and strongest proponents of learning theory was:

Accepted Answer

A)  John Watson 
B)  Sigmund Freud 
C)  Joseph Wolpe 
D)  John Garcia

Question 14

This scientist won a Nobel Prize for his work on the digestive system,work that made a fundamental contribution to the study of conditioned responses.

Accepted Answer

A)  John Watson 
B)  Ivan Pavlov 
C)  B. F. Skinner 
D)  Daniel Kahneman

Question 15

The fact that Little Albert learned fear toward not only a white rat but also a ball of wool and a rabbit represents:

Accepted Answer

A)  second-order conditioning 
B)  generalization 
C)  discrimination 
D)  reconditioning

Question 16

The neural structure responsible for releasing dopamine in response to reinforcement is the:

Accepted Answer

A)  nucleus accumbens 
B)  insula 
C)  raphe system 
D)  orbitofrontal cortex

Question 17

What is the proper order of events that need to take place in order for classical conditioning to occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned response presentation à conditioned stimulus presentation, which elicits the unconditioned stimulus à after many trials, the unconditioned response elicits the conditioned stimulus 
B)  conditioned response presentation à unconditioned response presentation, which elicits the conditioned response à after many trials, the conditioned response elicits the unconditioned stimulus 
C)  unconditioned stimulus presentation à conditioned stimulus presentation, which elicits the conditioned response à after many trials, the unconditioned stimulus elicits the unconditioned response 
D)  conditioned stimulus presentation à unconditioned stimulus presentation, which elicits the unconditioned response à after many trials, the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response

Question 18

You want your dog to learn to lie down when you are about to give him a treat.If you first reinforce his behavior when he sits,then when he sits and stays,then when he lies down,you are using the technique called:

Accepted Answer

A)  shaping 
B)  the operant chamber 
C)  the Premack principle 
D)  negative reinforcement

Question 19

The amygdala is an important neural structure in which long-term potentiation (LTP)plays a role in learning.Since the amygdala is part of the limbic system,which of the following is most likely mediated by LTP-related learning in the amygdala?

Accepted Answer

A)  fear learning resulting in freezing behavior 
B)  orienting responses resulting in fight-or-flight behavior 
C)  anger initiation resulting in an adrenaline release 
D)  defensive reactions resulting in an opiate release

Question 20

Imitation learning is facilitated by special parts of the brain known as:

Accepted Answer

A)  motor cortices 
B)  sensory cortices 
C)  mirror neurons 
D)  NMDA receptors

Exam 6: Learning