Question 1

Rules are statements that identify general expectations regarding behavior in a variety of situations.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 2

Which is the best description of differential reinforcement of omission of behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)   Using reinforcement when problem behavior does not occur during a specified period of time.
B)   Reinforcing a behavior that is an alternative to the problem behavior.
C)   Reinforcing a behavior that is incompatible with the problem behavior, meaning the student could not do both behaviors at the same time.
D)   Using reinforcement when a problem behavior occurs less often than a specified amount in a period of time. A

Question 3

Which statement best describes positive reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)   It is the offering of something valued before a desired behavior has been exhibited, resulting in an increase in the frequency of that behavior.
B)   It is the offering of something valued after a desired behavior has been exhibited, resulting in an increase in the frequency of the behavior.
C)   It is a reinforcer used to increase a desired behavior by encouraging students to perform a particular behavior in order to avoid something they dislike.
D)   It is either the presentation of an aversive stimulus or removal of a positive stimulus with the intent of reducing or eliminating an undesirable behavior. B

Question 4

Which statement best describes negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)   It is the offering of something valued after a desired behavior has been exhibited, resulting in an increase in the frequency of the behavior.
B)   It is a reinforcer used to increase a desired behavior by encouraging students to perform a particular behavior in order to avoid something they dislike.
C)   It is the offering of something valued before a desired behavior has been exhibited, resulting in an increase in the frequency of that behavior.
D)   It is either the presentation of an aversive stimulus or removal of a positive stimulus with the intent of reducing or eliminating an undesirable behavior.

Question 5

Suppose you are a physical education teacher and soccer coach at a local urban high school. Two very talented freshmen-Sara and Katie-have made the varsity soccer team and are seeing significant playing time. Several seniors are resentful, however. Conflict is escalating not only between the seniors and freshmen, but also between players who have "taken sides." Initially you were going to let the problem resolve itself. Last evening at practice, however, your starting midfielder, Rhea, who has attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, maliciously slide-tackled Sara, who now has a sprained knee and an indefinite recovery period. What strategies would you use for the parties involved in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

A)   Hold a team meeting with the entire team, talk about team unity and listen to their views, and explain to them that overt aggressiveness does not show good sport behavior. For Rhea, establish a contingency plan using response cost (e.g., not allowing her to play again until Sara has recovered) . Lastly, encourage Sara and Katie to stay positive through this experience.
B)   Use extinction with Rhea when she is aggressive toward teammates, and encourage Sara and Katie to stay positive through this experience.
C)   Use verbal reprimands and physical restraints (if necessary)  whenever Rhea engages in overt aggressive acts. Plus, you should warn everyone about the dangers of aggressive behaviors and explain to Sara and Katie that they should show more respect toward the seniors on the team.
D)   Talk with Rhea and explain to her that if she does this again she could lose some playing time, and mention that her aggressiveness does not show good sport behavior. Plus, you should warn the entire team about the dangers of aggressiveness toward one another and also explain to Sara and Katie that they should show more respect toward the seniors on the team.

Question 6

Which statement best describes extinction, or planned ignoring?

Accepted Answer

A)   The withholding of reinforcement when an inappropriate behavior occurs, in order to decrease the occurrence of that behavior in the future.
B)   The removal of a student from a reinforcing environment for a certain period of time when he frequently exhibits an inappropriate behavior.
C)   A positive way to decrease inappropriate behavior by reinforcing an appropriate behavior.
D)   None of the preceding descriptions are accurate.

Question 7

Which of the following types of behavior modification strategy is best described as using activities that are highly valued by an individual to promote less popular behaviors?

Accepted Answer

A)   Behavioral proclamation
B)   Token economy system
C)   Premack principle
D)   Behavioral contract

Question 8

A functional behavioral assessment is conducted to determine whether a student's problem behaviors are a manifestation of his or her disability.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Some problem behaviors stem from students' misunderstandings about what the teacher expects of them during activities. What is the most appropriate strategy to use in this case?

Accepted Answer

A)   Engage the students in improved communication and relationship building.
B)   Clarify class rules, routines, and expectations.
C)   Design structured class activities that are appropriate for the skill level of the individual students so that rewards and recognition can be earned for showing consistent improvement rather than exhibiting problem behaviors.
D)   Talk with the students, help them with goal setting, encourage working hard at self-improvement, and give extra praise contingent on self-improvement.

Question 10

Behavior modification is an orderly process whereby the environment is arranged to promote skill acquisition and shape social behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

The phrase manifestation of disability refers to problem behaviors that are unrelated to a student's disability, but rather are a manifestation of a student's home life and other disadvantages (e.g., improvised community).

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Drew and Joe are two student-athletes on the high school wrestling team. They are very competitive, not only with their opponents during matches but also with one another. Although you (the coach) have not actually witnessed any serious problems between them, you were told by a couple of the other students on the team that when practice is over and they are changing clothes in the locker room, Drew and Joe will argue and even degrade one another with offensive name calling. What is the best way to intervene in this situation?

Accepted Answer

A)   Speak to the entire team and explain that it is unacceptable for anyone to engage in such behaviors. You might also set up a contingency management plan using a token economy system to reduce inappropriate behaviors (e.g., arguments)  while increasing desirable behaviors (e.g., showing enthusiasm and team spirit in cheering for a teammate) . In addition, use the talking bench strategy with Drew and Joe to help them resolve their personal conflict.
B)   Use a verbal reprimand and punish the entire team with running extra laps after practice.
C)   Use negative reinforcement to decrease the inappropriate behaviors of the two student-athletes involved; also, you should openly praise those students who told you about this situation.
D)   Speak to Drew and Joe in private and explain to them that their behaviors are unacceptable; also draft a behavioral contract for these two students to agree on and have them sign the contract with the understanding that they are prohibited from entering the locker room.

Question 13

Suppose you are the physical education teacher at a local middle school. You have effectively used learning stations to work on shooting and dribbling. But you have three students-Alex, Cody, and Scott-who seem to have a difficult time staying on task. If they are in the same group, they talk and engage in horseplay through the station work instead of performing the tasks, and if you put them in different groups they throw balls at each other and disrupt the other groups. You don't want to punish the whole group for their lack of discipline. Which of the following approaches would best address this situation?

Accepted Answer

A)   Use positive reinforcement to increase on-task behaviors and punishment such as direct talks and verbal reprimands or time out procedures to decrease off-task behaviors (i.e., talking, horseplay, and disruptive acts) .
B)   Use praise to increase on-task behaviors and social reinforcers to decrease off-task behaviors (i.e., talking, horseplay, and disruptive acts) .
C)   Use punishment to increase on-task behaviors and negative reinforcement to decrease off-task behaviors (i.e., talking, horseplay, and disruptive acts) .
D)   Hold a conference with these students and establish a contingency management plan whereby you use positive reinforcement to increase on-task behaviors and negative reinforcement to decrease off-task behaviors (i.e., talking, horseplay, and disruptive acts) .

Question 14

In using culturally responsive contingency management principles, which statement is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)   The teacher should define the target behavior in observable terms, clearly specify the target behavior for the students' awareness, monitor the behavior, state the contingencies using the most intrusive rewards available, and apply the contingencies consistently.
B)   The teacher should make students aware of the consequences of appropriate and inappropriate behaviors. Importantly, their awareness of consequences will allow you to handle behavioral issues in an objective manner and hold students accountable for their actions.
C)   Students should be penalized for poor relationships with classmates and rewarded for establishing a positive relationship with the teacher.
D)   The teacher should define the target behavior in observable terms, clearly specify the target behavior for the students' awareness, monitor the behavior, state the contingencies using the least intrusive reward system available, and apply the contingencies periodically.

Question 15

Operant conditioning is best described as a student learning by observing another individual engaged in a behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Why is culturally responsive behavior management important to the success of students in physical education?

Accepted Answer

A)   It is used to control students' behaviors and forces their cooperation.
B)   It reflects a teacher's awareness and understanding that all behaviors are culturally-based and promotes access to student learning.
C)   It is used to promote positive traditional American sport experiences for students at various age levels.
D)   It recognizes the importance of treating all students the same.

Question 17

Punishment is a basic principle of operant conditioning and is defined as a consequence that decreases the likelihood of future occurrences of the behavior it follows.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Some problems behaviors happen when a student is apathetic or unmotivated to participate actively. What is the most appropriate strategy to use in this case?

Accepted Answer

A)   Engage the student in improved communication and relationship building.
B)   Clarify class rules, routines, and expectations.
C)   Reevaluate and, as necessary, plan class activities appropriately for the skill level and interest of the student so that rewards and recognition can be earned for showing motivation and improvement rather than apathy.
D)   Implement new class rules.

Question 19

Which statement is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)   Teachers should use physical activity punishers (e.g., requiring students to run extra laps or do extra sit-ups)  because doing so promotes an intrinsic desire to regularly engage in exercise and wellness activities.
B)   Teachers should use physical activity reinforcers (e.g., run extra laps)  because these are counterproductive to promoting an extrinsic desire to engage in exercise and wellness activities.
C)   Teachers should pair extrinsic reinforcers (e.g., consumables)  with social reinforcers, and soon afterward move from extrinsic reinforcers to more natural (intrinsic)  reinforcers.
D)   Teachers should avoid using physical activity reinforcers (e.g., praise, extra playing time)  because these are counterproductive to promoting an intrinsic desire to regularly engage in exercise and wellness activities.

Question 20

Which is the best description of time out?

Accepted Answer

A)   The withholding of reinforcement when an inappropriate behavior occurs, in order to decrease the occurrence of that behavior in the future.
B)   The removal of a student from a reinforcing environment for a certain period of time when he or she exhibits an inappropriate behavior frequently.
C)   A positive way to decrease inappropriate behavior by reinforcing an appropriate behavior.
D)   None of the preceding descriptions are accurate.

Exam 7: Managing the Environment and Student Behavior

Rules are statements that identify general expectations regarding behavior in a variety of situations.

Which is the best description of differential reinforcement of omission of behavior?

Which statement best describes positive reinforcement?

Which statement best describes negative reinforcement?

Which statement best describes extinction, or planned ignoring?

Which of the following types of behavior modification strategy is best described as using activities that are highly valued by an individual to promote less popular behaviors?

A functional behavioral assessment is conducted to determine whether a student's problem behaviors are a manifestation of his or her disability.

Some problem behaviors stem from students' misunderstandings about what the teacher expects of them during activities. What is the most appropriate strategy to use in this case?

Behavior modification is an orderly process whereby the environment is arranged to promote skill acquisition and shape social behavior.

The phrase manifestation of disability refers to problem behaviors that are unrelated to a student's disability, but rather are a manifestation of a student's home life and other disadvantages (e.g., improvised community).

In using culturally responsive contingency management principles, which statement is most accurate?

Operant conditioning is best described as a student learning by observing another individual engaged in a behavior.

Why is culturally responsive behavior management important to the success of students in physical education?

Punishment is a basic principle of operant conditioning and is defined as a consequence that decreases the likelihood of future occurrences of the behavior it follows.

Some problems behaviors happen when a student is apathetic or unmotivated to participate actively. What is the most appropriate strategy to use in this case?

Which statement is most accurate?

Which is the best description of time out?