Question 1

What is the role of avoidance motivation in the affective model of negative reinforcement regarding drug use?

Accepted Answer

A)   to reduce experienced negative feelings that result from drug withdrawal
B)   to anticipate the pleasurable feelings that will result from drug use
C)   to prevent anticipated negative feelings that result from drug withdrawal
D)   to prevent feeling better, regardless how a person feels at the moment C

Question 2

Social control predicts __________ drug use while social triggers predict __________ drug use.

Accepted Answer

A)   increased---decreased
B)   decreased---increased
C)   decreased---decreased
D)   increased---increased B

Question 3

What characterizes substance use disorder? The disorder is characterized by the following except?

Accepted Answer

A)   develop an intolerance for drugs.
B)   impaired self-control regarding drug use.
C)   social impairment from using drugs.
D)   risky use of drugs. A

Question 4

How do psychoactive drugs produce their euphoric effects in the brain? The drugs

Accepted Answer

A)   stimulate neurons in the hypothalamus.
B)   migrate to neurons in the brain's reward circuits.
C)   reduce the brain's tension.
D)   excite all of the neurons in the brain.

Question 5

a. What is priming for drug use?
b. What two types of priming promote drug use?
c. How does stress increase drug use?

Accepted Answer

The answer of a. What is priming for drug use?
b....

Question 6

Taking drugs to reduce withdrawal symptoms is to taking drugs to feel good as

Accepted Answer

A)   negative reinforcement is to positive reinforcement
B)   positive reinforcement is to positive reinforcement
C)   negative reinforcement is to negative reinforcement
D)   positive reinforcement is to negative reinforcement

Question 7

Following completion of a strenuous exercise session, e.g., running, you feel a sense of exhilaration, pleasure, and well-being. Your feelings were most likely

Accepted Answer

A)   resulted from the release of endorphin and opioids in the brain's pleasure circuit.
B)   related to the effects of naltrexone on the brain's pleasure circuit.
C)   linked to the process of restoring homeostasis.
D)   linked to the dominance of wanting over liking according to incentive-sensitization theory.

Question 8

How can a person's thinking or cognitions influence his/her drug use?

Accepted Answer

A)   People realize that they have totally lost all of their self-control for abstaining from drugs.
B)   Thinking about drugs automatically leads to drug use.
C)   Thinking and cognition has no effect, whatsoever, on a person's craving for psychoactive drugs.
D)   Through thinking and cognition individuals can avoid exposure to drugs and associated stimuli.

Question 9

In opponent process theory, the initial drug-reaction to cocaine is associated with positive feelings. What type of feelings is the opponent process associated with?

Accepted Answer

A)   positive feelings also.
B)   neutral feelings.
C)   unpredictable; it could be either positive or negative feelings.
D)   negative feelings.

Question 10

According to incentive sensitization theory of addiction, what changes occur in addicted individuals over time?

Accepted Answer

A)   They become totally motivated to experience the euphoria a drug provides.
B)   They crave drugs more because their withdrawal symptoms increased.
C)   They want and seek drugs more but enjoy the drug's hedonic effects less.
D)   They become enthusiastic about life in general.

Question 11

What are the characteristics of the withdrawal syndrome? The withdrawal syndrome

Accepted Answer

A)   consists of a drug-like effect characterized by pleasant feelings.
B)   consists of a drug-opposite effect characterized by unpleasant feelings.
C)   has a level of euphoria that is too intense to enjoy.
D)   is associated with a weak level of craving.

Question 12

Not every individual is susceptible to abusing drugs. Some individuals never try drugs, some try but quit, while others try and become addicted. What factors determine whether an individual experiments with drugs and then may become addicted to drugs?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Not every individual is susceptible to abusing...

Question 13

What are the essentials of motivation for change to stop using of psychoactive drugs? The essentials are

Accepted Answer

A)   contemplate and act on change
B)   act, contemplate, plan, prepare, think through, feedback, and maintain change
C)   contemplate, prepare, act, and maintain change
D)   prepare, and act on change

Question 14

"I'll bet you can't eat just one" refers to the fact that if you eat one bite of a particular substance you get the overwhelming desire to eat more of it. This increase in desire for more, after eating the first one, is known as

Accepted Answer

A)   priming.
B)   a compensatory response.
C)   a conditioned drug stimulus.
D)   withdrawal.

Question 15

How do psychoactive drugs negatively reinforce drug use, such as when a person is stressed or in a negative mood?

Accepted Answer

A)   Drug use alleviates the stress and negative mood.
B)   Drugs increase an addicted individual's sense of autonomy.
C)   Drug use increase a person's cognitive control over whether to use drugs.
D)   Drug use increases feelings of pleasure.

Question 16

How can the urge for Internet gaming be increased in individuals addicted to Internet gaming?

Accepted Answer

A)   Show them photographs of Internet games.
B)   Show them photographs of animals in the wild.
C)   Tell them their excessive gaming causes their coursework to suffer.
D)   Allow them to play as much as they want.

Question 17

In one experiment, smokers were shown photos of specific or general situations in which they smoked or did not smoke. The smokers rated their urge to smoke when shown the photos. Ratings of their smoking urges

Accepted Answer

A)   were not influenced by the photos.
B)   increased to photos of situations in which smoking did not occur.
C)   decreased to photos of situations in which smoking occurred.
D)   increased to photos of situations in which smoking occurred.

Question 18

a. What is motivation for change?
b. What are some of the steps individuals can take according to the theory of motivation for change that would help them reduce their drug addiction or their drug dependency?

Accepted Answer

The answer of a. What is motivation for change?
b. What...

Question 19

How do psychoactive drugs differ from natural incentives like food?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How do psychoactive drugs differ from natural...

Question 20

All of the following are characteristic of Internet addiction except

Accepted Answer

A)   withdrawal if a computer is unavailable for Internet use.
B)   increased tolerance of length of time spent on the Internet.
C)   excessive use of the Internet.
D)   increased depression when using the Internet.

Exam 3: Addictions and Addictive Behaviors