Question 1

Theory of Mind is based on a knowledge that other people's:

Accepted Answer

A)   Behaviour is different from our own
B)   Beliefs are the same as our own
C)   Behaviour is the same as our own
D)   Beliefs may differ from our own
E)   Beliefs and behaviour are irrelevant D

Question 2

Perspective-taking theory suggests that successful social development requires that children have the ability to:

Accepted Answer

A)   Motivate themselves
B)   Understand things become smaller as they move further away
C)   Share with their peers
D)   Take other people's perspective
E)   None of these D

Question 3

Eisenberg's theory differs from Kohlberg's because it includes:

Accepted Answer

A)   Influence from non-authoritarian mothers
B)   Five levels of pro-social development
C)   Empathy as a key part of moral development
D)   None of these
E)   All of these E

Question 4

Negative criticisms of Piaget's theory include:

Accepted Answer

A)   Underestimations of the abilities of young children
B)   Exaggerations of the differences between stages and minimisations of those within stages
C)   All of these
D)   Overestimations of the abilities of adolescents
E)   His de-emphasis of the role of social factors

Question 5

Vygotsky's and Bruner's approaches to education suggest that:

Accepted Answer

A)   Scaffolding is easy to control
B)   Scaffolding works well with all learning tasks
C)   Children's play is useful and important
D)   High status tutors are the most effective
E)   Peer tutoring should be avoided as it is unhelpful

Question 6

The order of the four stages of development in Piaget's theory is:

Accepted Answer

A)   Sensori-motor, pre-operational, formal operations, concrete-operational
B)   Pre-operational, concrete-operational, sensori-motor, formal operations
C)   Sensori-motor, pre-operational, concrete-operational, formal operations
D)   Pre-operational, concrete-operational, formal operations, sensori-motor
E)   Formal operations, sensori-motor, pre-operational, concrete-operational

Question 7

Applications of Piaget's theory to education are limited because:

Accepted Answer

A)   All of these
B)   Self-discovery is often less effective than more traditional approaches
C)   It does not apply well to arts subjects like history or languages
D)   Children are not always limited by their stage of development
E)   He under-estimated children's ability to cope with new kinds of intellectual challenge

Question 8

Shaffer's components of human morality are:

Accepted Answer

A)   Emotional, cognitive, and behavioural
B)   Social, emotional, and cognitive
C)   Emotional, cognitive, and psychological
D)   Emotional, cognitive, and biological
E)   Emotional, neurological, and behavioural

Question 9

Kohlberg's levels of moral development are:

Accepted Answer

A)   Pre-conventional morality; conventional morality; adult morality
B)   Pre-conventional morality; conventional morality; post-conventional morality
C)   Immature morality; conventional morality; post-conventional morality
D)   Immature morality; conventional morality; mature morality
E)   Ante-conventional morality; conventional morality; post-conventional morality

Question 10

A positive criticism of Piaget's theory is that:

Accepted Answer

A)   It was the first comprehensive theory of cognitive development
B)   It was based on subjective judgements
C)   It was based on his own children's development
D)   It omitted explaining how and why cognitive development occurs
E)   It applies to all cultures

Question 11

Vygotsky's term ""the child's zone of proximal development"" means his/her:

Accepted Answer

A)   Classroom
B)   Home background
C)   Current cognitive performance level
D)   Level of intelligence
E)   Group of friends and peers

Question 12

Theory of Mind, which is delayed or missing in autistic individuals, normally develops at about age:

Accepted Answer

A)   2
B)   4
C)   5
D)   6
E)   8

Question 13

Mirror neurons are thought to play an important role in social cognition because:

Accepted Answer

A)   They may be involved in imitation and in understanding others' intentions
B)   Evidence for a mirror neuron system is stronger in monkeys than in humans
C)   They are unlikely to be used to interpret changing intentions of others
D)   All of these
E)   None of these

Question 14

Positive criticisms about Vygotsky's theory include:

Accepted Answer

A)   The usefulness of scaffolding in education
B)   The importance of social factors in cognitive development
C)   The importance of language development in cognitive development
D)   The development of useful teaching techniques
E)   All of these

Question 15

Vygotsky's theory emphasised the importance of:

Accepted Answer

A)   Following Piaget's theory
B)   Children's social interaction and communication
C)   Children's stages of development
D)   Restricting children's social interaction
E)   Controlling children's communication

Question 16

A problem with the successful CASE programme is that:

Accepted Answer

A)   Teachers need specialised training
B)   It uses Piaget's ideas
C)   It uses Vygotsky's ideas
D)   It ignores Piaget's ideas
E)   It ignores Vygotsky's ideas

Question 17

Kohlberg assessed moral development by using:

Accepted Answer

A)   Natural experiments
B)   Laboratory experiments
C)   Field experiments
D)   Hypothetical moral dilemmas
E)   Naturalistic observations

Question 18

Positive comments about Bruner's theory include:

Accepted Answer

A)   Appropriate inputs from the tutor would be at a level slightly above the child's current performance
B)   Effective learning can be promoted by social instruction
C)   Positive interactions between tutor and child help learning
D)   The personal relationship between the tutor and the child is critical in helping learning
E)   All of these

Question 19

Bruner supported scaffolding, interpreting it as the:

Accepted Answer

A)   Access to information available to the teachers
B)   Furniture in the classroom
C)   Books, paper, and pencils/pens in the classroom
D)   Context provided by people with more knowledge assisting children's learning
E)   Access to information available to the children

Question 20

Difficulties with Kohlberg's theory include:

Accepted Answer

A)   All of these
B)   None of these
C)   Overlooking the importance of emotional factors
D)   Moral behaviour is often not in line with moral judgements
E)   Moral behaviour is not reliably predicted by moral judgements

Exam 8: Cognition and Development