Question 1

Someone trying to remember the phone number 7-1-8-0-5-5-5 remembers it as 71 805 55. What is this technique of memorization known as?

Accepted Answer

A)  Grouping
B)  Chunking
C)  Priming
D)  Clustering B

Question 2

F. Skinner studied operant conditioning. According to his research, praise is an example of __________ .

Accepted Answer

A)  Reinforcement
B)  Social Cognitive learning
C)  Both A and B
D)  None of the above A

Question 3

Francis Galton studied the connections between genetics and abilities and determined that intelligence was largely inherited. Which of the following terms best describes his beliefs about how human ability is best fostered?

Accepted Answer

A)  Selective breeding
B)  Natural selection
C)  Social status
D)  Acquired characteristics A

Question 4

John Watson's experiment with a young child and a white rat demonstrated the effectiveness of classical conditioning. He paired exposure to the rat with a loud noise and the child learned to be afraid of the rat. The child also demonstrated fear around other white furry objects. What is this an example of?

Accepted Answer

A)  Conditioned generalization
B)  Stimulus generalization
C)  Stimulus extrapolation
D)  Backward conditioning

Question 5

Albert Bandura, a social learning theorist, and important figure in behavior therapy, explained that people learn from observed behavior. Bandura labeled this way of learning as __________ .

Accepted Answer

A)  Exemplifying
B)  Modeling
C)  Demonstration
D)  Illustrating

Question 6

Victor Frankl was an early existentialist therapist, and the founder of logotherapy. Logotherapy asserts that individuals are motivated through the desire to find __________ in life.

Accepted Answer

A)  Stability
B)  Meaningful relationships
C)  Money
D)  Meaning

Question 7

Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences addressed the idea that methods of measuring intelligence may not be accurate or scientific and suggested that the traditional concept of intelligence did not address the wide scope of abilities humans display. Which of the following is not one of the eight types of intelligence suggested in this theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Spatial intelligence
B)  Linguistic intelligence
C)  Bodily intelligence
D)  Intuitive intelligence

Question 8

David Krech studied the relationship between environment and intelligence by experimenting with rats in specifically-constructed environments. Which of the following is NOT one of his research conclusions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Rearing in an enriched environment results in higher intelligence.
B)  Rearing in an impoverished environment results in lower intelligence.
C)  Rearing in a specific environment may affect intelligence level, but changing environments will also affect intelligence level.
D)  Rearing in an enriched environment affects brain composition.

Question 9

In Pavlov's classical conditioning dog experiment, he paired a neutral stimulus (a tone) with an unconditioned stimulus (meat) repeatedly until the neutral stimulus became a conditioned stimulus (the dog learned to salivate upon hearing the tone). He then paired the tone with a new neutral stimulus, such as a flash of light, repeatedly, until the learned response was elicited from the dog upon exposure to the flash of light. What is this known as?

Accepted Answer

A)  Third order conditioning
B)  Higher order conditioning
C)  Backward conditioning
D)  Multiple stimulus conditioning

Question 10

Cognitive therapists challenge clients' distorted ways of thinking, to allow for new, more rational thoughts. One type of cognitive distortion is all-or -nothing thinking. An example of all-or-nothing thinking is:

Accepted Answer

A)  If I do not get an A+, I will never go to college
B)  If I do not get an A+, my mom will think I am dumb
C)  If I do not get an A+, no one will like me
D)  All of the Above

Question 11

Sensory memory is one stage of memory that involves storing information as either a visual image or a sound. What is the time span of echoic memory in this stage?

Accepted Answer

A)  ½ second
B)  1 second
C)  4 seconds
D)  20 seconds

Question 12

As humans, instead of remembering every detail of an event or a story, which would be very time consuming and effortful, we tend to remember a general picture of what happened. Later, if asked to remember an event or a story, we recall the general picture we created and then fill in the specific details, which may or may not be accurate. This is referred to as what?

Accepted Answer

A)  Autobiographical memory
B)  Imagination inflation
C)  Recovered memory
D)  Constructive memory

Question 13

Classical conditioning, a type of learning studied by Ivan Pavlov, tested his theory on dogs. A more contemporary example of classical conditioning is:

Accepted Answer

A)  A student is typically calm when giving a presentation in front of the class. Knowing this, his teacher matches his response by creating a calming environment in the classroom as well. As a result, the student maintains his calm demeanor
B)  A student has anxiety and, as a result, stutters when giving a presentation in front of his class. Knowing this, the teacher creates a calming environment in the classroom. The student begins to have new responses to presenting in front of the class, as the calming environment evokes relaxation rather than anxiety.
C)  Both A and B
D)  None of the above

Question 14

Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence (first introduced in 1977) includes three facets of intelligence. The ability to break problems down into component parts describes which of those three facets?

Accepted Answer

A)  Componential
B)  Experiential
C)  Contextual
D)  Practical

Question 15

Edward Thorndike studied animal behavior and learning processes. He formulated a theory of learning based on his research. He was an early proponent of active learning theory. What does that theory state?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children learn better with active involvement of teachers or other adults.
B)  Children learn better with active involvement from other children.
C)  Children learn better without active involvement from other children.
D)  Children learn better if they are self-directed, rather than receiving guidance from teachers.

Question 16

Adults are capable of abstract thought. In contrast, children are concrete thinkers, meaning they are able to think about things in "here and now." Which is an example of a concrete way of thinking?

Accepted Answer

A)  Touching a couch or table and identifying it as a piece of furniture
B)  Understanding a couch or table as part of the general class of furniture
C)  Understanding a couch or table as separate useful items, and as representatives of a general class (furniture) 
D)  class (furniture)  general class (furniture)

Question 17

Arthur Jensen claimed that roughly eighty percent of human intelligence was the result of heredity and that environmental influence was responsible for the remaining twenty percent. Which environmental factor did he believe was most influential on intelligence?

Accepted Answer

A)  Socioeconomic conditions
B)  Prenatal care
C)  Family upbringing
D)  Gender differences

Question 18

There are windows of learning during which it is easiest for people to acquire or refine particular abilities. For example, it is commonly accepted that children learn more readily than adults. One of the key windows of learning is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Frequency
B)  Myelination
C)  Conditioning
D)  Plasticity

Question 19

Which idea is the Montessori method of education primarily based on?

Accepted Answer

A)  Spontaneous self-development
B)  Directed learning processes
C)  Homeschool-style learning
D)  Collaborative learning

Question 20

There are different types of memory that are responsible for retaining information over varying lengths of time. Which type of memory is responsible for being able to recall names of childhood experiences and the names of family members?

Accepted Answer

A)  Working memory
B)  Long-term memory
C)  Childhood memory
D)  Sensory memory

Exam 3: Cognitive Affective Bases of Behavior