Question 1

The adaptive immune response can remember past exposures to pathogens by holding ________blank in reserve.

Accepted Answer

A)  memory B cells 
B)  helper T cells 
C)  cytotoxic T cells 
D)  natural killer cells

Question 2

The role of the immune system is to

Accepted Answer

A)  actively seek and destroy pathogens. 
B)  regulate the internal body temperature. 
C)  filter waste products out of the circulatory system. 
D)  increase digestive enzymes.

Question 3

In the small intestines, the role of the lacteals is to absorb __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  oxygen 
B)  water-soluble nutrients 
C)  fat-soluble nutrients 
D)  undigested nutrients

Question 4

Coronaviruses are ________blank viruses.

Accepted Answer

A)  airborne 
B)  waterborne 
C)  bloodborne 
D)  foodborne

Question 5

When the SARS-CoV-2 virus enters into an epithelial cell within the respiratory tract, the infected cell responds by

Accepted Answer

A)  placing viral antigens on its cell surface, which alerts cytotoxic T cells. 
B)  initiating an inflammation response. 
C)  placing antibodies on its cell surface, altering memory B cells to destroy it. 
D)  causing mutations in the genetic material of the virus, preventing its replication, and halting the spread of the virus.

Question 6

As SARS-CoV-2 progresses through the respiratory tract, the ________blank of the virus identify host epithelial cells and attach to the cell surface.

Accepted Answer

A)  capsid 
B)  M proteins 
C)  S proteins 
D)  E proteins

Question 7

The characteristic spikes that comprise the corona or "crown" of the SARS-CoV-2 virus are composed of

Accepted Answer

A)  carbohydrates only. 
B)  lipoproteins. 
C)  glycoproteins. 
D)  fatty acids.

Question 8

Developing a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 has focused on identifying an antigen our body can respond to without actually giving us the disease. The prime candidate is

Accepted Answer

A)  the S protein. 
B)  the M protein. 
C)  the E protein. 
D)  a combination of the E and M proteins.

Question 9

Consuming energy drink in excess can cause an overabundance in B vitamins. One consequence of excess B vitamins is a strain on the __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  lungs 
B)  kidneys 
C)  liver 
D)  stomach 
E)  heart

Question 10

Current COVID-19 vaccines have over a ________blank success rate in preventing severe forms of COVID-19.

Accepted Answer

A)  90% 
B)  60% 
C)  75% 
D)  50%

Question 11

The protein cytochrome c contains between 100 and 104 amino acids. A comparison of cytochrome c amino acids in several species yielded the following information: 13 differences between humans and dogs, 17 differences between monkeys and chickens, 27 differences between turtles and tuna, and 31 differences between moths and chickens. Based on the data above, which two species are most closely related?

Accepted Answer

A)  humans and dogs 
B)  monkeys and chickens 
C)  turtles and tuna 
D)  moths and chickens

Question 12

Which of the following best describes proteins?

Accepted Answer

A)  Proteins can be in the form of enzymes used in cellular reactions. 
B)  Proteins are stable at all temperatures. 
C)  Proteins always interact with other proteins to form quaternary structures. 
D)  Extra proteins are stored in the liver and brain.

Question 13

Unlike DNA viruses, RNA viruses require alternate enzymes to replicate their genome. Why does this present a challenge for the RNA virus?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Unlike DNA viruses, RNA viruses require alternate...

Question 14

From the list provided, select the two circumstances necessary for evolution to occur.

Accepted Answer

A)  There must be a variation for a trait within a population. 
B)  There must be competition for resources. 
C)  The environment should remain constant. 
D)  A population must already be adapted to the environment.

Question 15

When two different forms of the virus infect the same cell, it is possible that the host cell may manufacture viral particles from both viruses, and then reassemble them into a new variant. This process is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  mutation. 
B)  antigenic shift. 
C)  antigenic drift. 
D)  transformation.

Question 16

In a biochemical reaction, the energy of activation is the amount of energy

Accepted Answer

A)  stored in the bonds of the reactants. 
B)  stored in the bonds of the products. 
C)  required to start a reaction. 
D)  required to complete a reaction. 
E)  released throughout the reaction.

Question 17

The number of genes within a viral genome is________blank that of living organisms.

Accepted Answer

A)  equal to 
B)  less than 
C)  greater than

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of the digestive system?

Accepted Answer

A)  Search out and destroy foreign substances, including viruses and bacteria 
B)  Transmit hormonal messengers throughout the body 
C)  Make hemoglobin 
D)  Absorb nutrients

Question 19

All major classes of energy nutrients have potential energy. Because of the structure of the energy nutrient in it, which food source would provide quick access to energy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bread 
B)  Oils 
C)  Butter 
D)  Milk

Question 20

In the process of feedback inhibition the end product binds to the ______ to block the biochemical pathway.

Accepted Answer

A)  allosteric site of the first enzyme 
B)  active site of the last enzyme 
C)  allosteric sites of all the enzymes 
D)  active sites of all the enzymes 
E)  allosteric and active sites of the first enzyme

Exam 4: Nutrient Types and Energy Processes