Question 1

The web of causation can be defined such that the effect may be the result of a complex interaction of causes, so that the main cause can be isolated.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 2

The term that is defined as the ratio of the rate in a population subgroup exposed to an agent that is believed to cause a disease, injury, or death to the rate in a population subgroup not exposed is called ________________________.

Accepted Answer

relative risk

Question 3

Which is the measure defined as number of exposed cases/number of unexposed cases divided by number of exposed controls/number of unexposed controls?

Accepted Answer

A)   Incidence rate
B)   Prevalence rate
C)   Relative rate
D)   Odds ratio D

Question 4

Which is NOT true of temporality?

Accepted Answer

A)   Temporality is defined as the timing between the proposed cause and a lower rate of disease or injury.
B)   For temporality to help with identifying causality in epidemiological studies, the control and intervention groups have to be at the same health level from the onset of the study.
C)   For temporality to help with identifying causality in epidemiological studies, the measurement of the outcome, such as activity, must precede the measurement of subsequent events of disease or death.
D)   For temporality to help with identifying causality in epidemiological studies, it is important to determine whether an association, for instance between fitness and disease rates, holds as time passes.

Question 5

Community-based or clinic-based interventions are based on the presumption that the associations found in epidemiological studies are causal rather than occurring by chance or through some bias.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

The study design that follows a group of similar cohorts, who differ with respect to certain factors under study, to determine how these factors affect rates of a particular outcome is called ________________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The study design that follows a group...

Question 7

Consistency of association is the ability to explain the association between death and disease and a proposed cause.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Coherence is the association between a proposed cause and the known biology and natural history of a disease.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Which is NOT one of the factors cited as the checklist for causality in epidemiological studies?

Accepted Answer

A)   Sensitivity
B)   Dose of response
C)   Plausibility
D)   Coherence

Question 10

The term that is defined as the measure of the number of new cases of disease or injury during a defined period of time, divided by the product of the number of persons monitored during the same time, is called ________________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The term that is defined as the...

Question 11

What is true of the web of causation? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A)   It is understood that the web may be sufficiently altered by an attack at one link that may render prevention efforts less effective.
B)   The web of causation can be defined such that the effect may be the result of a complex interaction of causes, with the understanding that not every effect is the result of a single cause.
C)   An important principle of epidemiology is that for effective public health interventions to be carried out, they require a complete understanding of the web of causation.
D)   It is possible that additional unexpected side effects may occur, thus obscuring the relationships within the web of causation.

Question 12

The term that is defined as a cause-and effect relationship in which the effect of one exposure on disease risk is modified by the presence of another exposure is called _________________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The term that is defined as a...

Question 13

What is true of cross-sectional studies? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A)   Cross-sectional data is considered new data (i.e., collected after the disease or injury) .
B)   The challenge of cross-sectional data is not knowing whether the relationship existed before the injury or disease or as a consequence of the disease.
C)   With cross-sectional data, it could be possible there is no relationship between the data and the disease.
D)   Cross-sectional data must have existed before the disease or injury (i.e., historical data) .

Question 14

The term which is defined as a cause-and-effect relationship in which two events are very common and therefore are associated, but not in a causal way is called ________________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The term which is defined as a...

Question 15

The study design that compares subjects with the disease with those absent of the disease and for differences between those two groups is called ________________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The study design that compares subjects with...

Question 16

What is true of bias? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A)   Bias, as defined in this chapter, is conceptually the same as defined in previous chapters, thus bias transcends all types of research.
B)   Bias occurs if the observed estimate of a measure tends to deviate from its true value.
C)   Selection bias results from errors in classification of risk status or disease status.
D)   Bias can be introduced a number of ways through selection, information, and the measurement being used.

Question 17

In the epidemiological triad model, the factors associated with the host are age, gender, or race/ethnicity.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Which is NOT true of the cross-sectional study design?

Accepted Answer

A)   A cross-sectional study design is when the relationship between health outcomes and other factors of interest is examined within a defined population at one particular time.
B)   The cross-sectional study design is the most convincing study design in epidemiology.
C)   Because this approach is analogous to the snapshot in photography, proper temporal sequence is not provided.
D)   An application of the cross-sectional study design is to determine the prevalence of selected conditions and health behaviors for the purpose of public health planning and surveillance.

Question 19

What is true of the odds ratio? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A)   An odds ratio exceeding 1 is interpreted as conveying greater risk or a greater likelihood of an outcome.
B)   Odds ratio is defined as the ratio of the rate in a population subgroup exposed to an agent that is believed to cause a disease, injury, or death to the rate in a population subgroup not exposed.
C)   Another name for odds ratio is cross-product ratio.
D)   Odds ratio is a close approximation of relative risk.

Question 20

Which is the measure defined as number of persons who have an attribute/disease at a particular time divided by the population at risk of having an attribute/disease at this point in time?

Accepted Answer

A)   Incidence rate
B)   Prevalence rate
C)   Relative rate
D)   Odds ratio

Exam 8: Epidemiological Methods in Sport and Exercise Science

The web of causation can be defined such that the effect may be the result of a complex interaction of causes, so that the main cause can be isolated.

The term that is defined as the ratio of the rate in a population subgroup exposed to an agent that is believed to cause a disease, injury, or death to the rate in a population subgroup not exposed is called ________________________.

Which is the measure defined as number of exposed cases/number of unexposed cases divided by number of exposed controls/number of unexposed controls?

Which is NOT true of temporality?

Community-based or clinic-based interventions are based on the presumption that the associations found in epidemiological studies are causal rather than occurring by chance or through some bias.

The study design that follows a group of similar cohorts, who differ with respect to certain factors under study, to determine how these factors affect rates of a particular outcome is called ________________________.

Consistency of association is the ability to explain the association between death and disease and a proposed cause.

Coherence is the association between a proposed cause and the known biology and natural history of a disease.

Which is NOT one of the factors cited as the checklist for causality in epidemiological studies?

The term that is defined as the measure of the number of new cases of disease or injury during a defined period of time, divided by the product of the number of persons monitored during the same time, is called ________________________.

What is true of the web of causation? Select all that apply.

The term that is defined as a cause-and effect relationship in which the effect of one exposure on disease risk is modified by the presence of another exposure is called _________________________.

What is true of cross-sectional studies? Select all that apply.

The term which is defined as a cause-and-effect relationship in which two events are very common and therefore are associated, but not in a causal way is called ________________________.

The study design that compares subjects with the disease with those absent of the disease and for differences between those two groups is called ________________________.

What is true of bias? Select all that apply.

In the epidemiological triad model, the factors associated with the host are age, gender, or race/ethnicity.

Which is NOT true of the cross-sectional study design?

What is true of the odds ratio? Select all that apply.

Which is the measure defined as number of persons who have an attribute/disease at a particular time divided by the population at risk of having an attribute/disease at this point in time?