Question 1

Which is NOT true about cohort studies?

Accepted Answer

A)   Cohort studies are research designs that do not manipulate a treatment.
B)   Cohorts are recruited into the study based on whether individuals have been exposed to a disease risk factor.
C)   Cohort studies can establish a true cause and effect.
D)   Cohort studies can be retrospective and prospective. C

Question 2

What are the reasons cohort studies cannot establish a true cause-and-effect relationship between the study variables? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A)   Cohort studies can suffer from participants having recall bias.
B)   Cohort studies do not have randomized control and treatment groups.
C)   Cohort studies cannot control for extraneous factors, which can potentially affect the study outcomes.
D)   Cohort studies are not as rigorous as experimental studies. B, C, D

Question 3

A systematic review is defined as:

Accepted Answer

A)   a systematic compilation of proposed randomized controlled studies to prioritize which study will provide the highest level of evidence.
B)   a systematic compilation of randomized controlled studies to identify a common outcome.
C)   a systematic compilation of existing research studies with the goal of producing the results into one research finding.
D)   a systematic compilation of existing research studies with the goal of producing one outcome. C

Question 4

A critically appraised paper is a professional summary of a single research paper.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

What are examples of measures assessed in outcomes research? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A)   Client's judgement about own social support network
B)   Client's environmental barriers to activity
C)   Client's diagnosis of high blood pressure
D)   Client's own diagnosis of high blood pressure's impact on function

Question 6

Which of the following are true about critically appraised topics (CATs)? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A)   Critically appraised topics provide a summary of three to five current research studies looking at the current research on a particular clinical question, as well as how to apply this research.
B)   Critically appraised topics are rigorously reviewed and support higher level research such as critically appraised papers.
C)   Critically appraised topics are usually shorter than a systematic review.
D)   A critically appraised topic can be more useful to the practitioner than critically appraised papers because there is a statement of how to implement the research into practice.

Question 7

What are examples of evidence-based practice? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A)   Determining what is the best way to measure a client's body composition
B)   Determining the most reliable running program for a college-aged male with high blood pressure
C)   Determining the best way to identify a person with pre-diabetes
D)   Determining the preferred strength exercise of a teenager training for a weight-lifting competition

Question 8

What is the downfall feature of the evidence pyramids?

Accepted Answer

A)   As you move up the pyramid, the evidence becomes stronger.
B)   The synthesis of the original research should be done by expert researchers.
C)   Fewer primary studies exist.
D)   Fewer secondary studies exist.

Question 9

Based on the strength of recommendation, a letter grade is assigned to groups of existing studies that address an important clinical problem by using patient-oriented measures.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

How is evidence-based practice different from evidence-based medicine?

Accepted Answer

A)   Evidence-based practice focuses on data, rather than anecdote, intuition, or belief.
B)   Evidence-based practice focuses on applying data to practice.
C)   Evidence-based practice focuses on patient-oriented measures.
D)   Evidence-based practice focuses on systematic reviews for evidence.

Question 11

The application of research to a profession is based on the concept of __________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The application of research to a profession...

Question 12

Which of the following shows the correct levels of evidence from the least strong research to the strongest?

Accepted Answer

A)   Systematic review of randomized controlled trials, individual randomized controlled trial, all-or-none, systematic review of cohort studies, individual cohort study, outcome research, systematic review of case-control studies, single-case control study, case series, expert opinion and bench research
B)   Systematic review of randomized controlled trials, individual randomized controlled trial, systematic review of cohort studies, individual cohort study, all-or-none, outcome research, systematic review of case-control studies, single-case control study, case series, expert opinion and bench research
C)   Expert opinion and bench research, case series, single-case control study, systematic review of case-control studies, outcomes research, individual cohort study, systematic review of cohort studies, all-or-none, individual randomized controlled trial, systematic review of randomized controlled trials
D)   Systematic review of randomized controlled trials, individual randomized controlled trial, all-or-none, outcomes research, systematic review of cohort studies, individual cohort study, outcome research, systematic review of case-control studies, single-case control study, case series, expert opinion and bench research

Question 13

Cohort studies start with the disease and then look for exposures.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

What is the order from strongest category to least strong category in the levels of the evidence-based pyramid?

Accepted Answer

A)   Case series, single-case control study, individual cohort study
B)   Individual randomized controlled trials, individual cohort study, single-case control study
C)   All-or-none, individual randomized controlled trial, systematic review of randomized controlled trials
D)   Outcomes research, individual cohort study, all-or-none

Question 15

Bench research is considered pilot studies for finding promising interventions for human studies.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Outcomes research refers to those studies that focus on measures of disease in patients.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

A cohort study that investigates individuals after they have been exposed to a suspected disease cause is called ____________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A cohort study that investigates individuals after...

Question 18

What is the main shortcoming of a critically appraised topic (CAT) when it comes to levels of evidence?

Accepted Answer

A)   The critically appraised topic professionally summarizes only one research study.
B)   The critically appraised topic focuses on a single clinical question.
C)   The critically appraised topic is short and geared toward practitioners.
D)   The critically appraised topic is usually not thoroughly reviewed.

Question 19

A research category that involves individuals receiving the same treatment is called ____________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A research category that involves individuals receiving...

Question 20

Based on the levels of the evidence pyramid, conducting a systematic review of case-control studies is better than doing a systematic review of cohort studies.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 1: What Is Evidence-Based Practice

Which is NOT true about cohort studies?

What are the reasons cohort studies cannot establish a true cause-and-effect relationship between the study variables? Select all that apply.

A systematic review is defined as:

A critically appraised paper is a professional summary of a single research paper.

What are examples of measures assessed in outcomes research? Select all that apply.

Which of the following are true about critically appraised topics (CATs) ? Select all that apply.

What are examples of evidence-based practice? Select all that apply.

What is the downfall feature of the evidence pyramids?

Based on the strength of recommendation, a letter grade is assigned to groups of existing studies that address an important clinical problem by using patient-oriented measures.

How is evidence-based practice different from evidence-based medicine?

The application of research to a profession is based on the concept of __________________.

Which of the following shows the correct levels of evidence from the least strong research to the strongest?

Cohort studies start with the disease and then look for exposures.

What is the order from strongest category to least strong category in the levels of the evidence-based pyramid?

Bench research is considered pilot studies for finding promising interventions for human studies.

Outcomes research refers to those studies that focus on measures of disease in patients.

A cohort study that investigates individuals after they have been exposed to a suspected disease cause is called ____________.

What is the main shortcoming of a critically appraised topic (CAT) when it comes to levels of evidence?

A research category that involves individuals receiving the same treatment is called ____________.

Based on the levels of the evidence pyramid, conducting a systematic review of case-control studies is better than doing a systematic review of cohort studies.