Question 1

To learn to look both ways before crossing the street,children merely need to hear about the consequences of getting hit by a car (instead of having to experience it themselves).This is an example of ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  shaping 
B)  insight 
C)  vicarious conditioning 
D)  escape learning

Question 2

Roslyn always used to shop at Penney's because for every purchase over $20,she would get a 10 percent discount.But since Penney's stopped offering this promotion,Roslyn has stopped shopping there.Her shopping behavior is best explained by ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning 
B)  classical conditioning 
C)  the principle of generalization 
D)  systematic desensitization

Question 3

Although punishment has several drawbacks,it is most effective when ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  it occurs a couple days after the behavior 
B)  the punisher identifies more appropriate behavior 
C)  the punisher is very angry while punishing 
D)  the behavior is intermittently punished

Question 4

Continued gambling behavior is best explained in terms of which process of learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning 
B)  social learning 
C)  partial reinforcement 
D)  observational learning

Question 5

When Ken kisses Barbie,his heart races.For a month,Barbie snapped her fingers just before she kissed him.She stopped snapping her fingers,but now,whenever Ken hears someone snapping their fingers,his heart begins to race.This is an example of ____ conditioning,and finger snapping is the ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  classical; conditioned stimulus 
B)  operant; conditioned stimulus 
C)  classical; primary reinforcer 
D)  operant; primary reinforcer

Question 6

As the months pass,Kurt begins taking more and more heroin as each dose doesn't seem to give him the same high.Eventually,Kurt is addicted to heroin.According to opponent-process theory,____ may be the basis of Kurt's dangerous addiction.

Accepted Answer

A)  sensitization 
B)  learning 
C)  habituation 
D)  classical conditioning

Question 7

Which action is an example of negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)  not stealing cookies for fear of being spanked 
B)  learning to take aspirin for headaches 
C)  sewing a quilt to make your parents happy 
D)  studying for an exam to earn an A

Question 8

Grasping how to perform a complex action sequence,such as driving a car,pitching a baseball,or playing the harmonica,is referred to as ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  skill learning 
B)  trace learning 
C)  insight 
D)  part-task learning

Question 9

Bart notices that his father,Homer,is usually in an agreeable mood after his mother,Marge,fixes him pork chops.However,Homer is quite grumpy after a meal of three-eyed fish.Bart has learned that it is much in his favor to ask Homer permission to do fun things on pork chop night and to avoid asking such questions when three-eyed fish is served.Bart is using the type of meal served as a ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  discriminative conditioned stimulus 
B)  secondary reinforce 
C)  vicarious experience 
D)  negative reinforcement

Question 10

Kelly watched her mother get ready for work; Kelly's mother put on makeup and fixed her hair.Then,Kelly's mother left the room and told Kelly to get ready for school.Kelly began to imitate her mother by smearing makeup on her face and fluffing her hair.This is an example of ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  vicarious conditioning 
B)  observational learning 
C)  operant conditioning 
D)  mock learning

Question 11

Whenever Lisa's aunts visit,they kiss her on the cheek.Lisa hates this and eventually learns that they will not kiss her if she is coughing.Now whenever her aunts enter her home,she pretends to cough.This is an example of ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  avoidance conditioning 
B)  escape conditioning 
C)  latent learning 
D)  punishment

Question 12

To get her roommate to start cleaning her side of the room,Alisa starts complimenting her on the smallest efforts she makes to keep her side tidy.Alisa then withholds complimenting her roommate until she does more extensive cleaning tasks.This type of strategy is known as ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  shaping 
B)  stimulus generalization 
C)  primary reinforcement 
D)  stimulus discrimination

Question 13

Rob watches his sister,Kathryn,being punished for "smarting off" to their mom.Rob learns that he should never "smart off" to his mom,due to ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  latent learning 
B)  avoidance conditioning 
C)  vicarious conditioning 
D)  escape conditioning

Question 14

Charlie wants to get a job in which he is rewarded for his work on a fixed interval reinforcement schedule.Which job should Charlie pursue?

Accepted Answer

A)  Vanguard Advertising, where he will earn $3.00 for each ad he sells 
B)  Burger Express, where he will earn a paycheck each week 
C)  Cruise-In, where the tips are split between all the servers 
D)  Teddy's Carpentry, where he will earn money as the jobs are completed

Question 15

Set up positive reinforcement,negative reinforcement,and punishment programs that a parent could use to teach a ten-year-old child to clean his room.What are the drawbacks of using punishment? What is the most effective way to use punishment?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Set up positive reinforcement,negative reinforcement,and punishment programs...

Question 16

Which statement is true of taste-aversion conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  It almost never occurs in the animal kingdom. 
B)  It appears to have an adaptive value. 
C)  It requires very short time intervals between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. 
D)  occurs most readily when taste is paired with visual stimuli.

Question 17

Cindy has taken the bus to and from school for the past three weeks.Today,however,she misses the bus and has to walk.Cindy has never had to walk to school before,but she makes it to school without a single wrong turn.This demonstrates ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  insight 
B)  latent learning 
C)  observational learning 
D)  vicarious experience

Question 18

Tyrell wants to teach his two daughters,Sarah and Mia,to practice their golf swings every day.Each time after Sarah finishes practicing,he gives her $5,and each time after Mia finishes practicing,he gives her a handful of her favorite candy pieces.Sarah is receiving a __________ reinforcer,and Mia is receiving a __________ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

A)  secondary; secondary 
B)  primary; primary 
C)  secondary; primary 
D)  primary; secondary

Question 19

You buy a new car that always starts instantly on cold mornings (continuous reinforcement).It suddenly fails one time,and you immediately call a service station.Suppose,however,that your car often gives you trouble on cold mornings (variable reinforcement).It is likely that you will try to start the car several times before calling a service station due to the ____ effect.

Accepted Answer

A)  partial reinforcement 
B)  successive approximation 
C)  secondary reinforcement 
D)  delayed reinforcement

Question 20

The police blocked off the road in Carole's neighborhood that she usually uses to get home from work,so Carole used the next quickest route.Carole easily found the different route because ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  she had developed a cognitive map 
B)  she had been negatively reinforced 
C)  driving on the new road had become a conditioned response 
D)  the new road was an unconditioned stimulus

Exam 5: Learning

To learn to look both ways before crossing the street,children merely need to hear about the consequences of getting hit by a car (instead of having to experience it themselves) .This is an example of ____.