Question 1

Temperament is defined as a person's characteristic, biologically based way of approaching and reacting to situations. Reports from nursing personnel support the notion that infants do show differences in temperament even in the hospital nursery. Tammy, for example, could be described as a quiet, somewhat docile baby while in the hospital nursery. Her roommate, Tina, in contrast, was described as a rather demanding baby who was difficult to soothe and not at all happy if her needs were not immediately addressed. When does the development of temperament begin? List and describe the characteristics of the three patterns of temperament. Identify which pattern best describes both Tammy and Tina. Describe the role that both genetic and environmental influences have on the development of individual styles of temperament in infants. Be sure to list examples of temperament in cross-cultural studies.
 Answer will vary.

Accepted Answer

The development of temperament begins in infancy, with some researchers suggesting that it may even be present at birth. There are three patterns of temperament: easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up.

1. Easy: These babies are generally happy, adaptable, and have regular routines for eating and sleeping. They are able to adjust easily to new situations and are generally mild in mood and reactions.

2. Difficult: These babies are often fussy, irregular in their routines, and have intense reactions to new stimuli. They may be slow to adapt to new situations and may have negative moods.

3. Slow-to-warm-up: These babies are cautious and may take time to adapt to new situations. They may have mild reactions and may need time to warm up to new people or environments.

Tammy could be described as fitting the "easy" pattern of temperament, while Tina could be described as fitting the "difficult" pattern.

The development of individual styles of temperament in infants is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Genetic influences can be seen in studies of twins, which have shown that identical twins are more similar in temperament than fraternal twins. Environmental influences, such as parenting styles and cultural practices, can also play a role in shaping a child's temperament.

Cross-cultural studies have shown that there are variations in temperament across different cultures. For example, a study comparing American and Chinese infants found that Chinese infants were more likely to be classified as "slow-to-warm-up" compared to American infants, who were more likely to be classified as "easy." This suggests that cultural practices and beliefs can influence the development of temperament in infants.

Question 2

Margaret Mead believed that adolescence is

Accepted Answer

A)   invariably a time of storm and stress.
B)   invariably a serene, gradual transition.
C)   more stressful in cultures that make the transition gradually.
D)   less stressful in societies that change very little. D

Question 3

Describe the visual and hearing changes among the elderly. Answer will vary.

Accepted Answer

As people age, they may experience a variety of visual and hearing changes. In terms of vision, many elderly individuals may notice a decrease in their ability to see clearly at close distances, a condition known as presbyopia. They may also experience difficulty seeing in low light or distinguishing between certain colors. Additionally, conditions such as cataracts and macular degeneration become more common with age, leading to further visual impairment.

Regarding hearing, many elderly individuals may notice a gradual decline in their ability to hear high-pitched sounds or to understand speech in noisy environments. This is often due to age-related changes in the inner ear, known as presbycusis. Tinnitus, or ringing in the ears, may also become more prevalent among the elderly.

It's important for older adults to have regular vision and hearing screenings to monitor these changes and address any issues that may arise. Assistive devices such as glasses, hearing aids, or cochlear implants can help improve quality of life for those experiencing visual and hearing changes. Additionally, making environmental modifications, such as using brighter lighting or minimizing background noise, can also help older adults better navigate their surroundings despite these changes.

Question 4

Erikson suggested that in the first 18 months of development infants face the first stage in personality development, which involved resolving the "crisis" of trust versus mistrust. Resolution of this crisis depends on several factors. Identify the factors that will support the development of trust. Define attachment and explain the role it plays in personality development. List three different patterns
 of attachment and describe their adaptive value for babies in ensuring that their psychosocial and biological needs will be met.
 Answer will vary.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Erikson suggested that in the first 18...

Question 5

According to the text, adolescents show all of the following attitudes toward their brothers and sisters EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)   intimacy.
B)   affection.
C)   admiration.
D)   hostility.

Question 6

Tina and Gary's children have moved out of the house and they now have time and money to devote to themselves. They are aware that most middle-aged people are healthy and have no functional limitations so they are planning to live their lives to the fullest. What are the health issues that Tina and Gary should be aware of at their age? List some of the steps they can take at this time in their lives to ensure a longer and healthier future.
 Answer will vary.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Tina and Gary's children have moved out...

Question 7

Discuss the end of life options and diversity concerns presented in your text.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the end of life options and...

Question 8

Research does not support the notion of a "midlife crisis." Yet, both Danny and Virginia, who are in their late 40s, have been having a difficult time emotionally both at work and at home for several months now. Explain why they might be feeling this way, and describe the important role that social relationships might play in their development at this stage of life.
 Answer will vary.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research does not support the notion of...

Question 9

List and describe the changes in short-term memory among older adults. Answer will vary.

Accepted Answer

The answer of List and describe the changes in short-term...

Question 10

Average life expectancy, in years, for babies born in the United States in 2005 is about

Accepted Answer

A)   74.8
B)   75.8.
C)   77.8.
D)   78.8.

Question 11

Interactions with parents, siblings, and peers are often renegotiated during the adolescent years. An adolescent's need for more freedom, for more control of his/her own destiny, and his/her search to find others that are having the same experiences changes the way they spend their discretionary time. Explain the kind of parenting style that works best as adolescents try to find more autonomy in their lives.
 Answer will vary.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Interactions with parents, siblings, and peers are...

Question 12

Define both Kahn and Antonucci's social convoy theory and Carstensen's socioemotional selectivity theory, and give examples of how both can improve their relationships with others but can also place demands on people that may be stressful.
 Answer will vary.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define both Kahn and Antonucci's social convoy...

Question 13

Define dominant and recessive genes. List five characteristics that develop due to the interplay of genetically inherited factors. List and describe five birth defects and diseases that are a result of dominant/recessive genes, sex-linked inheritance, and gene mutations.
 Answer will vary.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define dominant and recessive genes. List five...

Question 14

Describe the disengagement and activity theories of aging. Describe the recent improvements that have been made to activity theory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the disengagement and activity theories of...

Question 15

Before going away to college, Moira lived in a small town where everyone knew everyone else. Parents and children had all shared many of the same schoolteachers over the years and had also attended Sunday school with many of the same teachers, who were also friends of their parents.
 Explain the effects of this type of limited environment on the cognitive development of young adults. According to Perry, Moira will need to move from rigidity to flexibility and then to freely chosen commitments. Describe how this might be accomplished living on a college campus.
 Answer will vary.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Before going away to college, Moira lived...

Question 16

Define sexual orientation and explain the interaction of biological and environmental factors that contribute to sexual orientation.
 Answer will vary.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define sexual orientation and explain the interaction...

Question 17

Terrence is getting fairly competent in his ability to "read" the expression of his mother for a clue as to how to act in an ambiguous situation. Terrence's ability is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)   social facilitation.
B)   separation anxiety.
C)   situational compliance.
D)   social referencing.

Question 18

Describe Gilligan's theory of moral development and how she explains the differences between male and female moral development. What conclusions can you make about Kohlberg's and Gilligan's views?
 Answer will vary.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe Gilligan's theory of moral development and...

Question 19

Describe the changes in the older adult's brain outlined in the text. What do you think are the implications of these changes for extending the working years of people over 65?
 Answer will vary.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the changes in the older adult's...

Question 20

Bill is a 9-year-old boy who stutters. What can we say about Bill?

Accepted Answer

A)   his stuttering is likely a neurological condition
B)   parental behavior will not affect Bill's stuttering
C)   Bill's stuttering can be cured
D)   he is among 20% of school-age children who stutter(p.295-

Exam 1: Human Development

Margaret Mead believed that adolescence is

Describe the visual and hearing changes among the elderly. Answer will vary.

According to the text, adolescents show all of the following attitudes toward their brothers and sisters _EXCEPT

Discuss the end of life options and diversity concerns presented in your text.

List and describe the changes in short-term memory among older adults. Answer will vary.

Average life expectancy, in years, for babies born in the United States in 2005 is about

Define both Kahn and Antonucci's social convoy theory and Carstensen's socioemotional selectivity theory, and give examples of how both can improve their relationships with others but can also place demands on people that may be stressful. Answer will vary.

Define dominant and recessive genes. List five characteristics that develop due to the interplay of genetically inherited factors. List and describe five birth defects and diseases that are a result of dominant/recessive genes, sex-linked inheritance, and gene mutations. Answer will vary.

Describe the disengagement and activity theories of aging. Describe the recent improvements that have been made to activity theory.

Define sexual orientation and explain the interaction of biological and environmental factors that contribute to sexual orientation. Answer will vary.

Terrence is getting fairly competent in his ability to "read" the expression of his mother for a clue as to how to act in an ambiguous situation. Terrence's ability is referred to as

Describe Gilligan's theory of moral development and how she explains the differences between male and female moral development. What conclusions can you make about Kohlberg's and Gilligan's views? Answer will vary.

Describe the changes in the older adult's brain outlined in the text. What do you think are the implications of these changes for extending the working years of people over 65? Answer will vary.

Bill is a 9-year-old boy who stutters. What can we say about Bill?