Question 1

A group of 2-year-olds watches through a window while a live adult hides an object in an adjoining room.Another group watches the same event on a video screen.Which of the following is likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children in the direct viewing condition will retrieve the toy easily, while those in the video condition will have difficulty. 
B)  Children in the video condition will retrieve the toy easily, while those in the direct viewing condition will have difficulty. 
C)  Both groups of children will have difficulty retrieving the toy. 
D)  Children in both groups will be able to retrieve the toy easily.

Question 2

Mothers talk more to __________ than to __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  shy children; sociable children 
B)  toddler-age girls; toddler-age boys 
C)  second-born children; firstborn children 
D)  low-SES children; middle-SES children

Question 3

In a series of studies using the violation-of-expectation method,Renée Baillargeon and her collaborators claimed to have found evidence for __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  mental representations in babies between 6 and 12 months of age 
B)  mental representations in babies between 12 and 15 months of age 
C)  object permanence in the first few months of life 
D)  tertiary circular reactions in the first few months of life

Question 4

Social interactionists __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  note that brain regions housing language also govern similar perceptual and cognitive abilities, such as the capacity to analyze musical patterns 
B)  point out that grammatical competence may depend more on specific brain structures than other components of language 
C)  hold that an active child strives to communicate, which cues her caregivers to provide appropriate language experiences 
D)  assume that children make sense of their complex language environments by applying powerful cognitive capacities of a general kind

Question 5

The earlier toddlers __________,the sooner they produce two-word utterances at the end of the second year.

Accepted Answer

A)  babble 
B)  coo 
C)  form word-gesture combinations 
D)  play peekaboo

Question 6

In Substage 5 of the sensorimotor period,toddlers __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  create mental representations 
B)  repeat behaviors with variation 
C)  repeat chance behaviors largely motivated by basic needs 
D)  arrive at solutions suddenly rather than through trial-and-error

Question 7

Studies of infantile amnesia suggest that __________ contributes to the end of infantile amnesia.

Accepted Answer

A)  an implicit memory system 
B)  acquiring mnemonic strategies 
C)  the development of object permanence 
D)  the advent of a clear self-image

Question 8

Izzy's vocabulary consists mainly of words that refer to objects.Izzy uses __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  a referential style 
B)  an expressive style 
C)  telegraphic speech 
D)  infant-directed speech

Question 9

Baby Greer says "bababababa." This is an example of __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  babbling 
B)  cooing 
C)  an overextension 
D)  an underextension

Question 10

According to Noam Chomsky,all children have a __________ device that contains a universal grammar.

Accepted Answer

A)  language acquisition 
B)  listening 
C)  speaking 
D)  neurotransmission

Question 11

The video deficit effect __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  increases around age 3 
B)  is strongest when toddlers view interactive videos 
C)  declines around age 2½ 
D)  is strongest when videos are rich in social cues

Question 12

Dr.Takenaki believes that an inherited foundation of linguistic knowledge enables swift language acquisition in early childhood.She also argues that infants' early orientation toward people initiates rapid development of psychological knowledge.Dr.Takenaki is probably a(n)__________ theorist.

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive-developmental 
B)  core knowledge 
C)  information-processing 
D)  sociocultural

Question 13

An intelligence quotient (IQ)__________.

Accepted Answer

A)  cannot be used to determine whether a child is ahead, behind, or on time in average mental development 
B)  rarely fluctuates between toddlerhood and adolescence or between adolescence and adulthood 
C)  is expressed as the ratio of an individual's chronological age to his or her mental age 
D)  indicates the extent to which the raw score deviates from the typical performance of same-age individuals

Question 14

In the __________ view,researchers analyze each cognitive attainment to see how it results from a complex system of prior accomplishments and the child's current goal.

Accepted Answer

A)  information-processing 
B)  cognitive-developmental 
C)  sociocultural 
D)  dynamic systems

Question 15

Alice calls untying her shoelaces "opening" her shoes.This is an example of __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  overextension 
B)  infant-directed speech 
C)  underextension 
D)  referential style

Question 16

__________ can be thought of as a "mental workspace" that we use to accomplish many activities in daily life.

Accepted Answer

A)  Automatic processing 
B)  Sustained attention 
C)  Working memory 
D)  The sensory register

Question 17

Which of the following is a toddler most likely to say?

Accepted Answer

A)  "Cookie eat." 
B)  "Go car." 
C)  "Ball my." 
D)  "Walk I."

Question 18

In cultures where play is viewed as solely a child's activity and sibling caregiving is common,make-believe is more frequent and complex with __________ than with __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  older siblings; mothers 
B)  fathers; older siblings 
C)  mothers; older siblings 
D)  non-related agemates; family members

Question 19

Infant-directed speech and parent-child conversation __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  foster referential communication skills 
B)  contribute to a decline in infantile amnesia 
C)  have little impact on language development because language emerges spontaneously 
D)  create a zone of proximal development in which children's language expands

Question 20

A young child makes an underextension error when she applies a new word __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  too broadly 
B)  too narrowly 
C)  to a group of similar experiences 
D)  to a wider collection of objects than is appropriate

Exam 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood