Question 1

Shaping involves

Accepted Answer

A)  presenting a subject with a conditional stimulus prior to presenting other kinds of stimuli. 
B)  repeatedly presenting a fear-inducing cue until the subject stops emitting responses. 
C)  reinforcing a succession of responses that increasingly resemble the response that you wish the subject to learn. 
D)  generalization of a response to different discriminative stimuli. 
E)  reinforcing each and every response that resembles the target behaviour.

Question 2

When Colin was young he was stung by a bee and had a severe allergic reaction. Now, many years later, whenever he hears a buzzing sound (including when people imitate a buzzing sound), he becomes nervous and panics. In this example, the unconditional stimulus is

Accepted Answer

A)  the bee. 
B)  the severe allergic reaction. 
C)  the buzzing sound. 
D)  Colin's reacting nervously and panicking. 
E)  people imitating a buzzing sound.

Question 3

The optimal timing between the presentation of the CS and the presentation of the UCS in classical conditioning is __________ seconds.

Accepted Answer

A)  0.25 
B)  0.5 
C)  1.0 
D)  1.25 
E)  1.5

Question 4

Why are intermittent schedules more resistant to extinction?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why are intermittent schedules more resistant to...

Question 5

Imitation learning

Accepted Answer

A)  occurs only in humans. 
B)  is the quickest form of learning. 
C)  requires only one CS-UCS pairing. 
D)  is learning through observation. 
E)  occurs only in animals.

Question 6

The law of effect functions to produce natural selection of

Accepted Answer

A)  species. 
B)  individuals. 
C)  stimuli. 
D)  learning. 
E)  responses.

Question 7

The fact that you answer the phone only when it rings is an example of the utility of

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcement. 
B)  successive approximations. 
C)  generalizing stimuli. 
D)  discriminative stimuli. 
E)  operant conditioning.

Question 8

Insight may actually involve previous experience with stimuli necessary to solve a problem. That is, insightful behaviour may involve putting together new combinations of existing behaviours.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Pavlov's early research career focused on the study of the __________ system.

Accepted Answer

A)  cardiovascular 
B)  urinary 
C)  respiratory 
D)  digestive 
E)  circulatory.

Question 10

Response cost is the decrease in the frequency of a response that is regularly and reliably followed by the termination of an aversive stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

If a response is reinforced, on average, after 60 seconds has elapsed since the previous reinforcer delivery, what kind of reinforcement schedule is in effect?

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-interval 
B)  fixed-ratio 
C)  variable-ratio 
D)  variable-interval 
E)  variable-response

Question 12

When the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS, this leads to

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus generalization. 
B)  stimulus discrimination. 
C)  spontaneous recovery. 
D)  conditional emotional response. 
E)  extinction.

Question 13

The study of how drugs influence behaviour using the principles of operant conditioning is called

Accepted Answer

A)  psychopharmacology. 
B)  behavioural pharmacology. 
C)  psychoneuropharmacology. 
D)  pharmacological psychology. 
E)  biopharmacology.

Question 14

Pavlov's discovery of classical conditioning principles began when he was sidetracked from his study of salivation in dogs.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Escape and avoidance behaviours are acquired and maintained because of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

An organism is said to learn a discrimination when it emits responses in the presence of one stimulus and does not emit responses in the presence of other stimuli.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

A line of research that explores the relationship between behaviour and the environment are known as

Accepted Answer

A)  behaviour analysis. 
B)  law of effect. 
C)  operant chamber. 
D)  vicarious learning. 
E)  successive approximation.

Question 18

Pavlov "accidentally"discovered a form of learning in which

Accepted Answer

A)  organisms habituate to unimportant environmental stimuli. 
B)  a response is acquired through the modeling of that response by another organism. 
C)  some forms of behaviour produce more rewards than other forms do. 
D)  the occurrence of one stimulus predicts the occurrence of another stimulus. 
E)  punishment contingencies are effective ways of controlling behaviour.

Question 19

Five stimuli are present in a room during a classical conditioning experiment:(1) a tone, which sounds sometimes before the UCS is presented;(2) a bell, which sounds regularly during the experiment;(3) a light, which flickers just before every presentation of the UCS;(4) a beeper, which sounds just after each UCS presentation; and(5) a buzzer, which sounds sometimes after each UCS presentation.Which of these stimuli will most likely come to reliably elicit the CR?

Accepted Answer

A)  the tone 
B)  the bell 
C)  the light 
D)  the beeper 
E)  the buzzer

Question 20

Among humans, conditioning of flavour aversions seems most often to be due to

Accepted Answer

A)  reasoning. 
B)  expectancies. 
C)  illness following the ingestion of a food having a particular flavour. 
D)  psychological disorder. 
E)  the unpleasant appearance of the food itself.

Exam 7: Learning and Behaviour

Shaping involves

When Colin was young he was stung by a bee and had a severe allergic reaction. Now, many years later, whenever he hears a buzzing sound (including when people imitate a buzzing sound) , he becomes nervous and panics. In this example, the unconditional stimulus is

The optimal timing between the presentation of the CS and the presentation of the UCS in classical conditioning is __________ seconds.

Why are intermittent schedules more resistant to extinction?

Imitation learning

The law of effect functions to produce natural selection of

The fact that you answer the phone only when it rings is an example of the utility of

Insight may actually involve previous experience with stimuli necessary to solve a problem. That is, insightful behaviour may involve putting together new combinations of existing behaviours.

Pavlov's early research career focused on the study of the __________ system.

Response cost is the decrease in the frequency of a response that is regularly and reliably followed by the termination of an aversive stimulus.

If a response is reinforced, on average, after 60 seconds has elapsed since the previous reinforcer delivery, what kind of reinforcement schedule is in effect?

When the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS, this leads to

The study of how drugs influence behaviour using the principles of operant conditioning is called

Pavlov's discovery of classical conditioning principles began when he was sidetracked from his study of salivation in dogs.

Escape and avoidance behaviours are acquired and maintained because of reinforcement.

An organism is said to learn a discrimination when it emits responses in the presence of one stimulus and does not emit responses in the presence of other stimuli.

A line of research that explores the relationship between behaviour and the environment are known as

Pavlov "accidentally"discovered a form of learning in which

Among humans, conditioning of flavour aversions seems most often to be due to