Question 1

A teacher decides to hold sudden and unannounced quizzes five time during the term in the hope this intervention will increase attendance in her classes. She is using a __________ schedule of reinforcement to change her pupils' behaviour.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-interval 
B)  variable-interval 
C)  fixed-ratio 
D)  variable-ratio 
E)  continuous

Question 2

In operant conditioning which of the following involves a decrease in the frequency of a response?

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcement 
B)  punishment 
C)  positive costs 
D)  positive reinforcement 
E)  both punishment and negative reinforcement

Question 3

The dependent variable in most operant conditioning studies is

Accepted Answer

A)  the number of errors made by the subject. 
B)  response rate. 
C)  response latency. 
D)  choice. 
E)  response accuracy.

Question 4

The reinforcement schedule that produces the LEAST amount of resistance to extinction is which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-interval 1 minute 
B)  fixed-ratio 1 
C)  variable-interval 1 minute 
D)  variable-ratio 10 
E)  variable-ratio 5

Question 5

In negative reinforcement procedure, an organism's responses

Accepted Answer

A)  have no effect on the environment. 
B)  produce a punisher. 
C)  terminate or avoid an aversive stimulus. 
D)  produce a response cost. 
E)  produce a time-out.

Question 6

Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy sometimes develop flavour-aversions to foods they normally eat. Such aversions can be lessened or eliminated if the last thing the patients eat before the chemotherapy treatment is a piece of candy. An aversion now develops to the flavour of the candy.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

The finding that people's ratings of photographs was affected by associating the photographs with pleasant or unpleasant odours suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)  people's likes and dislikes are innately conditioned. 
B)  some emotions are irrational. 
C)  preferences for others may involve classical conditioning. 
D)  people's fears of others are based on their smell. 
E)  our odour detection systems are more powerful than we had realized.

Question 8

Describe the role of instructions in controlling human behaviour.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the role of instructions in controlling...

Question 9

In short-term habituation, an animal that has been habituated to a stimulus will respond to it again if tested after a few days.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Describe the role of classical conditioning in conditioned reinforcement and punishment.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the role of classical conditioning in...

Question 11

Since your dog died you have found tears come into your eyes every time you hear the song "I love that dog"which was always a favourite. But what really surprises you, is that you find tears in your eyes now when any song mentions dogs. In classical conditioning terms this is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  generalization. 
B)  a conditional emotional response. 
C)  discrimination. 
D)  spontaneous recovery. 
E)  habituation.

Question 12

An example of a stimulus that acquires its desirable properties because of its association with other desirable stimuli is

Accepted Answer

A)  money. 
B)  food. 
C)  pain. 
D)  heat source. 
E)  hunger.

Question 13

Short-term habituation

Accepted Answer

A)  is common in biologically simple organisms. 
B)  depends on one's memory of previous experiences with the same stimulus. 
C)  can be retained from day to day. 
D)  has little, if any, adaptive value. 
E)  depends on more complex nervous systems.

Question 14

Garcia and Koelling's research on flavour-aversion learning demonstrated that

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioning can occur to almost any CS. 
B)  certain CSs are better predictors of certain UCSs than are other CSs. 
C)  flavour-aversion learning is most effective when the delay between the CS and UCS is over 24 hours. 
D)  flavour-aversions are sometimes formed by cancer patients while undergoing certain forms of chemotherapy. 
E)  all CSs are equally good predictors of any given UCS.

Question 15

If a response is reinforced, on average, after every 35 responses, what kind of reinforcement schedule is in effect?

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-ratio 
B)  variable-ratio 
C)  variable-interval 
D)  fixed-interval 
E)  fixed-response

Question 16

Sam bought a new TV. At first, every time a phone rang on the TV Sam got up thinking it was his phone. However, within a couple of weeks this didn't happen at all because he had been through the classical conditioning process of

Accepted Answer

A)  habituation. 
B)  generalization. 
C)  spontaneous recovery. 
D)  discrimination. 
E)  dissociation.

Question 17

Reinforcing behaviours that successively approximate the desired response is called

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement. 
B)  discrimination training. 
C)  stimulus equivalence. 
D)  shaping. 
E)  fading.

Question 18

Suppose that you buy a new computer. The fan on this computer is louder than the one on the computer you had been using. At first the hum of the fan bothers you, but after a few weeks you don't notice it any more. Getting used to the fan's noise in this way is an example of habituation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

A chewing gum manufacturer has a widespread TV advertising campaign that show beautiful people consuming their product. Having seen these ads over a few weeks, you find yourself attracted to the chewing gum next time you are in a corner store. In this classical conditioning example __________ is the unconditional stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A)  the chewing gum 
B)  your attraction to the beautiful people 
C)  the beautiful people 
D)  your attraction to the chewing gum 
E)  the chewing gum manufacturer

Question 20

Escape responses are to __________ as avoidance responses are to __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement 
B)  response cost; punishment 
C)  termination of an aversive stimulus; prevention of the aversive stimulus 
D)  clear discriminative stimuli; ambiguous discriminative stimuli 
E)  termination of an aversive stimulus; punishment

Exam 7: Learning and Behaviour

A teacher decides to hold sudden and unannounced quizzes five time during the term in the hope this intervention will increase attendance in her classes. She is using a __________ schedule of reinforcement to change her pupils' behaviour.

In operant conditioning which of the following involves a decrease in the frequency of a response?

The dependent variable in most operant conditioning studies is

The reinforcement schedule that produces the LEAST amount of resistance to extinction is which of the following?

In negative reinforcement procedure, an organism's responses

Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy sometimes develop flavour-aversions to foods they normally eat. Such aversions can be lessened or eliminated if the last thing the patients eat before the chemotherapy treatment is a piece of candy. An aversion now develops to the flavour of the candy.

The finding that people's ratings of photographs was affected by associating the photographs with pleasant or unpleasant odours suggests that

Describe the role of instructions in controlling human behaviour.

In short-term habituation, an animal that has been habituated to a stimulus will respond to it again if tested after a few days.

Describe the role of classical conditioning in conditioned reinforcement and punishment.

Since your dog died you have found tears come into your eyes every time you hear the song "I love that dog"which was always a favourite. But what really surprises you, is that you find tears in your eyes now when any song mentions dogs. In classical conditioning terms this is an example of

An example of a stimulus that acquires its desirable properties because of its association with other desirable stimuli is

Short-term habituation

Garcia and Koelling's research on flavour-aversion learning demonstrated that

If a response is reinforced, on average, after every 35 responses, what kind of reinforcement schedule is in effect?

Sam bought a new TV. At first, every time a phone rang on the TV Sam got up thinking it was his phone. However, within a couple of weeks this didn't happen at all because he had been through the classical conditioning process of

Reinforcing behaviours that successively approximate the desired response is called

Suppose that you buy a new computer. The fan on this computer is louder than the one on the computer you had been using. At first the hum of the fan bothers you, but after a few weeks you don't notice it any more. Getting used to the fan's noise in this way is an example of habituation.

Escape responses are to as avoidance responses are to .