Question 1

Briefly define each of the following terms related to language development: semantic knowledge, syntax, and pragmatic language.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Briefly define each of the following terms...

Question 2

At which of Chall's stages in reading does fluency with words allow children to move to less familiar material (i.e., "reading to learn")?

Accepted Answer

A)  fluency 
B)  reading for new learning 
C)  multiple viewpoints 
D)  construction and reconstruction

Question 3

All of the following are stages in Chall's theory except

Accepted Answer

A)  fluency. 
B)  multiple viewpoints. 
C)  reading/decoding. 
D)  working knowledge.

Question 4

Research indicates that children expert chess players outperform novice adult chess players because the children have better memories.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Piaget proposed that children in the concrete operational stage understand _______________, which is the idea that two actions like filling and emptying a cup lead to opposite results.

Accepted Answer

A)  animism 
B)  seriation 
C)  transitive inference 
D)  reversibility

Question 6

Ashley is taking a class on Piaget and as part of an assignment, has to interview children. She gives 7-year-old Andrew a bag of red and blue candies. They discuss how the candies are made of chocolate. Andrew counts the candies-7 red and 14 blue. Ashley asks, "Are there more blue candies or chocolate candies?" Andrew looks at her and laughs: "Of course there are more chocolate candies-they are all made of chocolate." This demonstrates that Andrew understands the concept of

Accepted Answer

A)  seriation. 
B)  class inclusion. 
C)  reversibility. 
D)  transitivity.

Question 7

Five-year-old Marco complains that his slice of cake is smaller than Maria's, his 10-year-old sister. But she explains, "Look, your slice is skinnier, but it's taller. So we really have the same amount." Which aspect of concrete operational reasoning does Maria's explanation use?

Accepted Answer

A)  decentered thought 
B)  seriation 
C)  class inclusion 
D)  dynamic transformation

Question 8

The amount of information a person knows on a particular topic is called their ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The amount of information a person knows...

Question 9

When adults have "remember when you..." conversations with children, they are trying to teach children how to describe their ________ memories.

Accepted Answer

A)  semantic 
B)  working 
C)  autobiographical 
D)  event

Question 10

Thomas is asked to arrange toy trains from shortest to longest. This is most likely a test for

Accepted Answer

A)  transitive inference. 
B)  class inclusion. 
C)  seriation. 
D)  decentration.

Question 11

Several recent studies suggest that activity in the _________ lobe is related to the executive processor (or executive function).

Accepted Answer

A)  frontal 
B)  parietal 
C)  occipital 
D)  temporal

Question 12

When 8-year-old Jamal is asked to sort a pile of circles, squares, and triangles of various sizes and colors, he will probably be

Accepted Answer

A)  able to sort by object shape only. 
B)  able to sort by object size only. 
C)  able to sort the objects in a variety of different ways. 
D)  confused by too many options and unable to sort at all.

Question 13

What are stories about personal experiences called?

Accepted Answer

A)  personal narratives 
B)  knowledge bases 
C)  autobiographical memories 
D)  phonemic awareness

Question 14

What is the perceptual process that we use to quickly determine the quantity of a small set of objects?

Accepted Answer

A)  habituation 
B)  subitizing 
C)  encoding 
D)  elaboration

Question 15

Which of the following is the best example of metalinguistic awareness?

Accepted Answer

A)  Jean understands that the word "draw" has several different meanings. 
B)  Sarah knows not to repeat something that has already been said in a conversation. 
C)  Phillipe comprehends the passive voice and uses it in daily speech. 
D)  Malik recognizes the appropriate uses of sarcasm and humor.

Question 16

Telephone numbers are organized into groups of numbers: the area code, the first three digits, and the last four digits. According to the stores model, this is because

Accepted Answer

A)  the executive processor needs groups of numbers in order to remember information. 
B)  short-term memory can only hold a limited number of chunks. 
C)  there are limited nodes and links in our network. 
D)  there is a limited amount of information that can be activated in our memory at one time.

Question 17

At what age are children able to tell a classic narrative?

Accepted Answer

A)  2 to 3 years 
B)  4 to 5 years 
C)  6 to 7 years 
D)  8 to 9 years

Question 18

The major criticisms of the information-processing approach include all of the following except that

Accepted Answer

A)  it assumes that children do not understand conservation until middle childhood. 
B)  the approach is based on "cold" logic and reasoning. 
C)  it rarely examines how social interactions and emotions influence cognition. 
D)  the concept of an executive processor has not been fully explained.

Question 19

As your friend is walking to class, she drops a few coins from her pocket. You quickly glance at the ground and tell her that she has dropped three coins. This is most likely an example of the process called

Accepted Answer

A)  phonemic awareness. 
B)  habituation. 
C)  subitizing. 
D)  sensory store.

Question 20

"Carol is older than Lexi and Lexi older than Tyler. Who is older Carol or Tyler?" The ability to solve problems such as this demonstrates the concept of

Accepted Answer

A)  transitive inference. 
B)  reversibility. 
C)  seriation. 
D)  decentration.

Exam 11: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood