Question 1

You are watching a pigeon pecking a key for food reinforcement.The pigeon pecks slowly right after food has been delivered, but gradually increases the rate of pecking as more time elapses.Based on what is known about the pattern of responding produced by various schedules of reinforcement, you should conclude that the reinforcement schedule that is in place for this pigeon is a:

Accepted Answer

A) fixed-ratio schedule 
B) fixed-interval schedule 
C) variable-ratio schedule 
D) variable-interval schedule

Question 2

In classical conditioning, extinction refers to:

Accepted Answer

A) the return of a conditioned response that had been extinguished, after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus 
B) learning that an event signals the absence or nonoccurrence of the unconditioned stimulus 
C) a procedure that uses an established conditioned stimulus to condition a response to a second, neutral stimulus 
D) a loss of responding that results from the repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus without an unconditioned stimulus

Question 3

Which of the following best fits the technical definition of learning?

Accepted Answer

A) a baby cries when the nurse gives the baby a vaccine shot 
B) a child rides a bicycle without training wheels consistently 
C) a teenager watches a shooting star in the night sky 
D) a dog salivates to the smell of a piece of steak

Question 4

Randy had to write an essay and discuss it with his teacher because he said an obscene word in class.His teacher was frustrated when Randy's use of obscenity became more frequent in spite of being made to write an essay and talk to the teacher each time.In this example, writing the essay and talking to the teacher must be:

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) positive punishment 
D) negative punishment

Question 5

According to the theory that drug tolerance develops through classical conditioning, the body:

Accepted Answer

A) acts as an unconditioned stimulus that counteracts the physical effects of the drug 
B) produces an unconditioned response that counteracts the physical effects of the drug 
C) acts as a conditioned stimulus that counteracts the physical effects of the drug 
D) produces a conditioned response that counteracts the physical effects of the drug

Question 6

There is a clear parallel between the law of effect and observational learning, the difference being that during observational learning:

Accepted Answer

A) the behavior of others is being reinforced or punished 
B) one's own behavior is being reinforced or punished 
C) there is no reinforcement or punishment occurring 
D) reinforcement can occur, but not punishment

Question 7

Generally, habituation is more likely when a repeated stimulus is mild in intensity.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

According to the cognitive view of classical conditioning:

Accepted Answer

A) the conditioned stimulus acts as a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus 
B) during conditioning we learn one event signals another 
C) we passively respond to stimuli just like any other animal 
D) blocking is proof conditioning could be undone

Question 9

A few seconds before your new clock radio sounds its alarm, it makes a tiny click.You've recently noticed that you wake up right after the click and before the alarm, even though you previously never woke up to anything but the alarm itself.The click is acting as:

Accepted Answer

A) an unconditioned stimulus 
B) a conditioned stimulus 
C) a positive reinforcer 
D) a blocking stimulus

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true regarding learning in humans?

Accepted Answer

A) the ability of humans to learn new associations is influenced by biological hardwiring, as is learning in pigs and raccoons 
B) the ability of humans to learn new associations is NOT influenced by biological hardwiring, but learning in pigs and raccoons is influenced by biological hardwiring 
C) The ability of humans and pigs to learn new associations is influenced by biological hardwiring, but learning in raccoons is not 
D) None of these choices

Question 11

With operant conditioning, a continuous reinforcement schedule is one in which:

Accepted Answer

A) reinforcers are provided whether or not a response occurs 
B) a response is followed by reinforcement every time it occurs 
C) reinforcement is delivered only some of the time when the response occurs 
D) reinforcement is sometimes given for inappropriate responses

Question 12

Robin sells cars at an auto dealership, and she earns a commission for each car that she sells.Based on what is known about schedules of reinforcement, you should conclude that Robin's car selling is being reinforced based on a:

Accepted Answer

A) fixed-ratio schedule 
B) variable-ratio schedule 
C) fixed-interval schedule 
D) variable-interval schedule

Question 13

Researchers studying learned taste aversions among chemotherapy recipients have found associations are particularly likely to form between nausea and:

Accepted Answer

A) things people eat regularly, such as bread 
B) foods that have distinctive tastes 
C) typical flavors 
D) unusual tastes

Question 14

According to the theory of operant conditioning, when the presentation of a stimulus, after a response has occurred, increases the likelihood of the response's occurring again, the process that is at work is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A) negative reinforcement 
B) punishment 
C) positive reinforcement 
D) classical conditioning

Question 15

Outline how extinction of a conditioned response occurs.Explain what is meant by spontaneous recovery of a conditioned response.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Outline how extinction of a conditioned response...

Question 16

According to B.F.Skinner, the ____________________ sets the occasion for a response to be rewarded.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to B.F.Skinner, the ____________________ sets the...

Question 17

Money is an example of a:

Accepted Answer

A) generalized stimulus 
B) primary reinforcer 
C) discriminative stimulus 
D) secondary reinforcer

Question 18

According to the theory of operant conditioning, ____________________ refers to when a stimulus is presented after a response has occurred and this act increases the likelihood of the response's occurring again.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the theory of operant conditioning,...

Question 19

Research has shown that the most effective classical conditioning association will form when the unconditioned stimulus occurs:

Accepted Answer

A) just before the conditioned stimulus 
B) soon after the unconditioned response 
C) soon after the conditioned stimulus 
D) just before the conditioned response

Question 20

Every time Harriet cried, her mother would immediately pick her up.Now Harriet is a real crybaby.Based on what is known about operant conditioning, you should conclude that for Harriet, being picked up acted as:

Accepted Answer

A) a negative reinforcer for crying 
B) a conditioned stimulus for crying 
C) an unconditioned stimulus for crying 
D) a positive reinforcer for crying

Exam 7: Learning From Experience