Question 1

Outline the four types of signal molecules.

Accepted Answer

​The most common means by which cells communicate with one another is indirectly through extracellular chemical messengers,or signal molecules,of which there are four types: paracrines/autocrines,neurotransmitters,hormones,and neurohormones.In each case,a specific chemical messenger,the signal molecule,is synthesized by specialized controlling cells to serve a designated purpose.On being released into the ECF by appropriate stimulation,these extracellular chemical messengers act on other particular cells,the messenger's target cells,in a prescribed manner.To exert its effect,an extracellular chemical messenger must bind with target cell receptors specific for it.Different cell types have distinct combinations of receptors,allowing them to react individually to various regulatory extracellular chemical messengers.The four types of extracellular chemical messengers differ in their source and the distance to and means by which they get to their site of action.

Question 2

At a(n)____________________ synapse,the receptor-channels to which the neurotransmitter binds are nonspecific cation channels that permit simultaneous passage of sodium and potassium through them.

Accepted Answer

excitatory

Question 3

G-proteins are bound to ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​glucose
B)  guanine nucleotides
C)  glutathione
D)  gyroscopic proteins
E)  ​gamma phosphate B

Question 4

Hormones can be classified according to their chemical structure,i.e.,____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​amino acids,amines and thyroid hormones
B)  peptides,amines and steroids
C)  peptides,catecholamines and indoleamines
D)  catecholamines,amines and cholesterol
E)  ​steroids,amino acids and thyroid hormones

Question 5

The dendrites and cell body are the neuron's output zone because these components send out signals.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

The binding of a neurotransmitter to inhibitory synapses increases the permeability of the subsynaptic membrane to ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​sodium or chloride
B)  potassium or calcium
C)  potassium or chloride
D)  potassium or sodium
E)  ​calcium or chloride

Question 7

What term refers to the branching of axon terminals so that a single cell synapses with and influences many other cells?​

Accepted Answer

A)  ​divergence
B)  convergence
C)  integration
D)  termination
E)  ​bifurcation

Question 8

Describe how drugs can modify synaptic transmission.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe how drugs can modify synaptic transmission....

Question 9

The total grand postsynaptic potential (GPSP)is a composite of all ____________________ and IPSPs occurring around the same time.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The total grand postsynaptic potential (GPSP)is a...

Question 10

Depolarization from the resting potential of -70 mV proceeds slowly until it reaches a critical level known as ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​polarizing action
B)  electrical action
C)  depolarizing potential
D)  active potential
E)  ​threshold potential

Question 11

On what three structures can a neuron terminate?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​spinal cord,peripheral nerve,or organ
B)  smooth muscle,striated muscle,or cardiac muscle
C)  gland,other neuron,or blood vessel
D)  peripheral nerve,spinal nerve,or brain neuron
E)  ​muscle,gland,or other neuron

Question 12

Two important relationships exist between neurons: ____________________ and ____________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Two important relationships exist between neurons: ____________________...

Question 13

Membrane potential is related to the uneven distribution of what two positively charged ions?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​salt and sugar
B)  calcium and magnesium
C)  hydrogen and oxygen
D)  sodium and potassium
E)  ​chloride and phosphorus

Question 14

The terms action potential,spike,and firing all refer to the same phenomenon of slow reversal of membrane potential.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

What is stored in synaptic vesicles?

Accepted Answer

A)  ​hormones
B)  neurotransmitters
C)  sodium ions
D)  glucose
E)  ​ATP

Question 16

When a neuron terminates on a muscle or a gland,the neuron is said to innervate,or supply,the structure.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Messenger binding to a ____ activates tyrosine kinase.

Accepted Answer

A)  ​chemically gated receptor-channel
B)  G-protein-coupled receptor
C)  lipid dependent receptor
D)  receptor-enzyme complex
E)  ​cholesterol-coupled complex

Question 18

Synapses that lead to responses mediated by second messengers are known as ____________________ synapses.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Synapses that lead to responses mediated by...

Question 19

Describe action potentials.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe action potentials....

Question 20

____________________ is the hindrance to electrical charge movement.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ____________________ is the hindrance to electrical charge...

Exam 4: Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication

Outline the four types of signal molecules.

At a(n)____________________ synapse,the receptor-channels to which the neurotransmitter binds are nonspecific cation channels that permit simultaneous passage of sodium and potassium through them.

G-proteins are bound to ____.

Hormones can be classified according to their chemical structure,i.e.,____.

The dendrites and cell body are the neuron's output zone because these components send out signals.

The binding of a neurotransmitter to inhibitory synapses increases the permeability of the subsynaptic membrane to ____.

What term refers to the branching of axon terminals so that a single cell synapses with and influences many other cells?

Describe how drugs can modify synaptic transmission.

The total grand postsynaptic potential (GPSP)is a composite of all ____________________ and IPSPs occurring around the same time.

Depolarization from the resting potential of -70 mV proceeds slowly until it reaches a critical level known as ____.

On what three structures can a neuron terminate?

Two important relationships exist between neurons: and .

Membrane potential is related to the uneven distribution of what two positively charged ions?

The terms action potential,spike,and firing all refer to the same phenomenon of slow reversal of membrane potential.

What is stored in synaptic vesicles?

When a neuron terminates on a muscle or a gland,the neuron is said to innervate,or supply,the structure.

Messenger binding to a ____ activates tyrosine kinase.

Synapses that lead to responses mediated by second messengers are known as ____________________ synapses.

Describe action potentials.

____________________ is the hindrance to electrical charge movement.

Exam 4: Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication

Outline the four types of signal molecules.

At a(n)____________________ synapse,the receptor-channels to which the neurotransmitter binds are nonspecific cation channels that permit simultaneous passage of sodium and potassium through them.

G-proteins are bound to ____.

Hormones can be classified according to their chemical structure,i.e.,____.

The dendrites and cell body are the neuron's output zone because these components send out signals.

The binding of a neurotransmitter to inhibitory synapses increases the permeability of the subsynaptic membrane to ____.

What term refers to the branching of axon terminals so that a single cell synapses with and influences many other cells?​

Describe how drugs can modify synaptic transmission.

The total grand postsynaptic potential (GPSP)is a composite of all ____________________ and IPSPs occurring around the same time.

Depolarization from the resting potential of -70 mV proceeds slowly until it reaches a critical level known as ____.

On what three structures can a neuron terminate?

Two important relationships exist between neurons: ____________________ and ____________________.

Membrane potential is related to the uneven distribution of what two positively charged ions?

The terms action potential,spike,and firing all refer to the same phenomenon of slow reversal of membrane potential.

What is stored in synaptic vesicles?

When a neuron terminates on a muscle or a gland,the neuron is said to innervate,or supply,the structure.

Messenger binding to a ____ activates tyrosine kinase.

Synapses that lead to responses mediated by second messengers are known as ____________________ synapses.

Describe action potentials.

____________________ is the hindrance to electrical charge movement.

What term refers to the branching of axon terminals so that a single cell synapses with and influences many other cells?

Two important relationships exist between neurons: and .