Question 1

What principle of learning is Mayra demonstrating when she tells her daughter that she does not have to do the dishes for a week because she did so well on her weekly spelling test at school?

Accepted Answer

A)   Positive reinforcement
B)   Negative reinforcement
C)   Positive punishment
D)   Negative punishment B

Question 2

Frank buys his daughter a computerized toy that is teaching her to read. As she reads the text of a book, the computer asks her questions, which she answers by pointing to the answers with a specialized stylus. If she gets the answers correct, the computer applauds. If she gets the answer wrong, the computer requests another answer. This toy is analogous to ____.

Accepted Answer

A)   the experiment Pavlov did with his dogs
B)   the experiment J. B. Watson did on little Albert
C)   a Skinner box
D)   taste aversion with disulfiram C

Question 3

Which response can be classically conditioned in humans?

Accepted Answer

A)   Feeling fear
B)   Studying hard
C)   Playing the piano
D)   Obeying rules A

Question 4

Thorndike is to ____ as Skinner is to ____.

Accepted Answer

A)   classical conditioning; operant conditioning
B)   the law of effect; operant conditioning
C)   observational learning; latent learning
D)   operant conditioning; classical conditioning

Question 5

Which item is a primary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)   Money
B)   Sex
C)   Grades
D)   Tokens

Question 6

Sabrina went to open a can of tuna fish for lunch. As soon as she clicked the can opener to the can, Tibbet, her tabby cat, appeared as though by magic. How can classical conditioning be used to explain this situation?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sabrina went to open a can of...

Question 7

What is a step in Bandura's theory of the process involved in social learning?

Accepted Answer

A)   Reinforcement
B)   Motivation
C)   Validation
D)   Punishment

Question 8

Primary reinforcers are more ____ than secondary reinforcers.

Accepted Answer

A)   socially related
B)   trivially oriented
C)   intrinsically pleasurable
D)   learned from experience

Question 9

Whenever Carlotta's husband takes out the trash she gives him a big hug, with the hope that he'll associate his task with a positive consequence. What is this an example of?

Accepted Answer

A)   habituation
B)   social learning
C)   the law of effect
D)   negative reinforcement

Question 10

A token economy makes use of a(n) ____.

Accepted Answer

A)   extinction burst
B)   secondary reinforcement
C)   variable interval schedule of reinforcement
D)   shaping procedure

Question 11

Joseph tells his buddies at work a joke that makes fun of women. To his surprise, his friends scolded him. As a result, Joseph decides never again to tell a joke like that at work. Joseph's experience is an example of what type of consequence?

Accepted Answer

A)   Positive reinforcement
B)   Negative reinforcement
C)   Negative punishment
D)   Positive punishment

Question 12

In one of Albert Bandura's Bobo doll studies, children observed a model behaving aggressively toward the Bobo doll without receiving any positive or negative consequences for the behavior. Later, when these children were given an opportunity to be with the Bobo doll, they tended to ____.

Accepted Answer

A)   ignore the Bobo doll
B)   act aggressively toward the Bobo doll
C)   play happily with the Bobo doll
D)   show fear of the Bobo doll

Question 13

When treating alcoholism with aversion therapy, the drug called disulfiram is used as the ____.

Accepted Answer

A)   conditioned stimulus
B)   unconditioned response
C)   unconditioned stimulus
D)   neutral stimulus

Question 14

Dr. Trujillo is conducting studies on classical conditioning and experimenting on the effect of placing the neutral stimulus either before or after the unconditioned stimulus. She is investigating the element of ____.

Accepted Answer

A)   stimulus discrimination
B)   habituation
C)   contiguity
D)   instrumentality

Question 15

Taste aversions provide an "exception to the rule" in classical conditioning because they ____.

Accepted Answer

A)   seem to require the neutral stimulus to immediately precede the unconditioned stimulus
B)   can result from a single pairing of the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus
C)   result in learning that is usually very temporary
D)   appear to only occur within humans

Question 16

In operant conditioning, when a behavior that has been reinforced exhibits itself only in certain situations or contexts, ____ has occurred.

Accepted Answer

A)   shaping
B)   discrimination
C)   generalization
D)   latent learning

Question 17

Which statement is true about habituation?

Accepted Answer

A)   Habituation is an ability that almost all creatures possess.
B)   Habituation illustrates the importance of reinforcement.
C)   Habituation is a more complex type of learning than classical conditioning.
D)   Habituation is the most complex form of associative learning.

Question 18

Classical conditioning is to____ as operant conditioning is to ____.

Accepted Answer

A)   active; passive
B)   simple responses; complex behaviors
C)   unimportant behaviors; important behaviors
D)   actions; feelings

Question 19

Social learning researchers Donna Mumme and Anne Fernald found that 12-month-old children ____.

Accepted Answer

A)   were not influenced by the actions of televised models
B)   disliked toys that televised models reacted negatively toward and liked toys that televised models reacted positively or neutrally toward
C)   mimicked the toy preferences of televised models as long as the models were not strangers
D)   reacted in the same manner toward toys as televised models did only when the children's parents were also present

Question 20

Chang gets paid a $50 bonus for every 100 pairs of shoes that he sells. Chang is being reinforced on a ____ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)   fixed ratio
B)   variable ratio
C)   fixed interval
D)   variable interval

Exam 6: Learning